Pyrimidine-4,6-diamine derivatives as PI3K inhibitors

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides pyrimidine-4,6-diamine derivatives of Formula (I): wherein the variables are defined herein, that modulate the activity of phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) and are useful in the treatment of diseases related to the activity of PI3Ks including, for example, inflammatory disorders, immune-based disorders, cancer, and other diseases.

This application is a 371 National Stage Application of PCT/US2012/030310, filed Mar. 23, 2012, which claims the benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/467,787, filed Mar. 25, 2011, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides pyrimidine-4,6-diamine derivatives that modulate the activity of phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) and are useful in the treatment of diseases related to the activity of PI3Ks including, for example, inflammatory disorders, immune-based disorders, cancer, and other diseases.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) belong to a large family of lipid signaling kinases that phosphorylate phosphoinositides at the D3 position of the inositol ring (Cantley, Science, 2002, 296(5573):1655-7). PI3Ks are divided into three classes (class I, II, and III) according to their structure, regulation and substrate specificity. Class I PI3Ks, which include PI3Kα, PI3Kβ, PI3Kγ, and PI3Kδ, are a family of dual specificity lipid and protein kinases that catalyze the phosphorylation of phosphatidylinosito-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP₂) giving rise to phosphatidylinosito-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP₃). PIP₃ functions as a second messenger that controls a number of cellular processes, including growth, survival, adhesion and migration. All four class I PI3K isoforms exist as heterodimers composed of a catalytic subunit (p110) and a tightly associated regulatory subunit that controls their expression, activation, and subcellular localization. PI3Kα, PI3Kβ, and PI3Kδ associate with a regulatory subunit known as p85 and are activated by growth factors and cytokines through a tyrosine kinase-dependent mechanism (Jimenez, et al., J Biol. Chem., 2002, 277(44):41556-62) whereas PI3Kγ associates with two regulatory subunits (p101 and p84) and its activation is driven by the activation of G-protein-coupled receptors (Brock, et al., J. Cell Biol., 2003, 160(1):89-99). PI3Kα and PI3Kβ are ubiquitously expressed. In contrast, PI3Kγ and PI3Kδ are predominantly expressed in leukocytes (Vanhaesebroeck, et al., Trends Biochem Sci., 2005, 30(4):194-204).

The differential tissue distribution of the PI3K isoforms factors in their distinct biological functions. Genetic ablation of either PI3Kα or PI3Kβ results in embryonic lethality, indicating that PI3Kα and PI3Kβ have essential and non-redundant functions, at least during development (Vanhaesebroeck, et al., 2005). In contrast, mice which lack PI3Kγ and PI3Kδ are viable, fertile and have a normal life span although they show an altered immune system. PI3Kγ deficiency leads to impaired recruitment of macrophages and neutrophils to sites of inflammation as well as impaired T cell activation (Sasaki, et al., Science, 2000, 287(5455):1040-6). PI3Kδ-mutant mice have specific defects in B cell signaling that lead to impaired B cell development and reduced antibody responses after antigen stimulation (Clayton, et al., J Exp Med. 2002, 196(6):753-63; Jou, et al., Mol Cell Biol. 2002, 22(24):8580-91; Okkenhaug, et al., Science, 2002, 297(5583):1031-4).

The phenotypes of the PI3Kγ and PI3Kδ-mutant mice suggest that these enzymes may play a role in inflammation and other immune-based diseases and this is borne out in preclinical models. PI3Kγ-mutant mice are largely protected from disease in mouse models of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and asthma (Camps, et al., Nat. Med. 2005, 11(9):936-43; Thomas, et al., Eur J. Immunol. 2005, 35(4):1283-91). In addition, treatment of wild-type mice with a selective inhibitor of PI3Kγ was shown to reduce glomerulonephritis and prolong survival in the MRL-1pr model of systemic lupus nephritis (SLE) and to suppress joint inflammation and damage in models of RA (Barber, et al., Nat. Med. 2005, 11(9):933-5; Camps, et al., 2005). Similarly, both PI3Kδ-mutant mice and wild-type mice treated with a selective inhibitor of PI3Kδ have been shown to have attenuated allergic airway inflammation and hyper-responsiveness in a mouse model of asthma (Ali, et al., Nature. 2004, 431(7011):1007-11; Lee, et al., FASEB J. 2006, 20(3):455-65) and to have attenuated disease in a model of RA (Randis, et al., Eur. J. Immunol., 2008, 38(5):1215-24).

In addition to their potential role in inflammatory diseases, all four class I PI3K isoforms may play a role in cancer. The gene encoding p110α is mutated frequently in common cancers, including breast, prostate, colon and endometrial (Samuels, et al., Science, 2004, 304(5670):554; Samuels, et al., Curr Opin Oncol. 2006, 18(1):77-82). Eighty percent of these mutations are represented by one of three amino acid substitutions in the helical or kinase domains of the enzyme and lead to a significant upregulation of kinase activity resulting in oncogenic transformation in cell culture and in animal models (Kang, et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005, 102(3):802-7; Bader, et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2006, 103(5):1475-9). No such mutations have been identified in the other PI3K isoforms although there is evidence that they can contribute to the development and progression of malignancies. Consistent overexpression of PI3Kδ is observed in acute myeloblastic leukemia (Sujobert, et al., Blood, 2005, 106(3):1063-6) and inhibitors of PI3Kδ can prevent the growth of leukemic cells (Billottet, et al., Oncogene. 2006, 25(50):6648-59). Elevated expression of PI3Kγ is seen in chronic myeloid leukemia (Hickey, et al., J Biol. Chem. 2006, 281(5):2441-50). Alterations in expression of PI3Kβ, PI3Kγ and PI3Kδ have also been observed in cancers of the brain, colon and bladder (Benistant, et al., Oncogene, 2000, 19(44):5083-90; Mizoguchi, et al., Brain Pathol. 2004, 14(4):372-7; Knobbe, et al., Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2005, 31(5):486-90). Further, these isoforms have all been shown to be oncogenic in cell culture (Kang, et al., 2006).

Thus, new or improved agents which inhibit kinases such as PI3K are continually needed for developing new and more effective pharmaceuticals that are aimed at augmentation or suppression of the immune and inflammatory pathways (such as immunosuppressive agents for organ transplants), as well as agents for the prevention and treatment of autoimmune diseases (e.g., multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, type I diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, autoimmune thyroid disorders, Alzheimer's disease, nephritis), diseases involving a hyperactive inflammatory response (e.g., eczema), allergies, lung diseases, cancer (e.g., prostate, breast, leukemia, multiple myeloma), and some immune reactions (e.g., skin rash or contact dermatitis or diarrhea) caused by other therapeutics. The compounds, compositions, and methods described herein are directed toward these needs and others.

SUMMARY

The present invention provides, inter alia, a compound of Formula I:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the variables are defined infra.

The present invention further provides compositions comprising a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The present invention also provides methods of modulating an activity of a PI3K kinase, comprising contacting the kinase with a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The present invention further provides methods of treating a disease in a patient, wherein said disease is associated with abnormal expression or activity of a PI3K kinase, comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The present invention further provides methods of treating an immune-based disease in a patient, comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The present invention also provides methods of treating a cancer in a patient, comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The present invention further provides methods of treating a lung disease in a patient, comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The present invention also provides a compound of invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in any of the methods described herein.

The present invention further provides use of a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the manufacture of a medicament for use in any of the methods described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention provides, inter alia, a compound of Formula I:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

R¹ is C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, or C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, and C₂₋₆ alkynyl are each optionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, or 4 groups independently selected from halo, OH, CN, NR^(1a)R^(1b), C₁₋₆ alkoxy, and C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy;

R² is H, halo, CN, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, -L¹-(C₁₋₆ alkyl), or -L¹-(C₁₋₆ haloalkyl), wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl in said C₁₋₆ alkyl and -L¹-(C₁₋₆ alkyl) is optionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(2a) groups;

R³ is Cy, —(CR^(2b)R^(2c))_(a)-L²-(CR^(2b)R^(2c))_(b)-Cy, halo, CN, NO₂, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR^(a), SR^(a), C(O)R^(b), C(O)NR^(c)R^(d), C(O)OR^(a), OC(O)R^(b), OC(O)NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(O)R^(b), NR^(c)C(O)OR^(b), NR^(c)C(O)NR^(c)R^(d), C(═NR^(e))R^(b), C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)S(O)R^(b), NR^(c)S(O)₂R^(b), NR^(c)S(O)₂NR^(c)R^(d), S(O)R^(b), S(O)NR^(c)R^(d), S(O)₂R^(b), or S(O)₂NR^(c)R^(d), wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, and C₂₋₆ alkynyl are each optionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(3a) groups;

R⁴ is H, halo, OH, CN, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, or C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy;

R⁵ is halo, OH, CN, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, or C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy;

R⁶ is H, halo, OH, CN, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, or C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy;

R⁷ is F, CN, C₁₋₃ haloalkyl, CONH₂, C₁₋₄ alkyl-NHC(═O)— or (C₁₋₄ alkyl)₂NC(═O)—;

R⁸ is H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, or C(O)R^(4a);

L¹ is O, NR^(B), S, S(O), S(O)₂, C(O), C(O)NR^(B), S(O)NR^(B), or S(O)₂NR^(B);

L² is (CR^(C)R_(D))_(n), O, NR^(B), S, S(O), S(O)₂, C(O), C(O)O, C(O)NR^(B), S(O)NR^(B), S(O)₂NR^(B), OC(O)NR^(B), NR^(B)C(O)NR^(B), C(═NR^(e)), C(═NR^(e))NR^(B), or NR^(B)C(═NR^(e))NR^(B);

R^(A), R^(B), R^(C), and R^(D) are each independently selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl;

Cy is selected from C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, 4-11 membered heterocycloalkyl, 6-10 membered aryl and 5-10 membered heteroaryl, each of which is substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(3a) groups;

each R^(1a) and R^(1b) is independently selected from H and C₁₋₆ alkyl; or any R^(1a) and R^(2b) together with the N atom to which they are attached form a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered heterocycloalkyl group, which is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl;

each R^(2a) is independently selected from OH, NO₂, CN, halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, amino, C₁₋₆ alkylamino, di(C₁₋₆ alkyl)amino, thio, C₁₋₆ alkylthio, C₁₋₆ alkylsulfinyl, C₁₋₆ alkylsulfonyl, carbamyl, C₁₋₆ alkylcarbamyl, di(C₁₋₆ alkyl)carbamyl, carboxy, C₁₋₆ alkylcarbonyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₁₋₆ alkylcarbonylamino, C₁₋₆ alkylsulfonylamino, aminosulfonyl, C₁₋₆ alkylaminosulfonyl, di(C₁₋₆ alkyl)aminosulfonyl, aminosulfonylamino, C₁₋₆ alkylaminosulfonylamino, di(C₁₋₆ alkyl)aminosulfonylamino, aminocarbonylamino, C₁₋₆ alkylaminocarbonylamino, and di(C₁₋₆ alkyl)aminocarbonylamino;

each R^(2b) and R^(2c) is independently selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl;

each R^(3a) is independently selected from halo, CN, NO₂, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, 4-11 membered heterocycloalkyl, 6-10 membered aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, (4-11 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, (6-10 membered aryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, OR^(a1), SR^(a1), C(O)R^(b1), C(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(O)OR^(a1), OC(O)R^(b1), OC(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(O)R^(b1), NR^(c1)C(O)OR^(b1), NR^(c1)C(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═NR^(e))R^(b1), C(═NR^(e))NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(═NR^(e))NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)S(O)R^(b1), NR^(c1)S(O)₂R^(b1), NR^(c1)S(O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(O)R^(b1), S(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(O)₂R^(b1), and S(O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1); wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, 4-11 membered heterocycloalkyl, 6-10 membered aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, (4-11 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, (6-10 membered aryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl are each optionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, or 4 groups independently selected from OR^(a1), SR^(a1), C(O)R^(b1), C(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(O)OR^(a1), OC(O)R^(b1), OC(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(O)R^(b1), NR^(c1)C(O)OR^(b1), NR^(c1)C(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═NR^(e))R^(b1), C(═NR^(e))NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(═NR^(e))NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)S(O)R^(b1), NR^(c1)S(O)₂R^(b1), NR^(c1)S(O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(O)R^(b1), S(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(O)₂R^(b1), and S(O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1);

R^(4a) is C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, 4-11 membered heterocycloalkyl, 6-10 membered aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, (4-11 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, (6-10 membered aryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl;

each R^(a), R^(b), R^(c), and R^(d) is independently selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, and C₂₋₆ alkynyl; wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, and C₂₋₆ alkynyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents independently selected from OH, NO₂, CN, halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, cyano-C₁₋₆ alkyl, HO—C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy-C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, amino, C₁₋₆ alkylamino, di(C₁₋₆ alkyl)amino, thio, C₁₋₆ alkylthio, C₁₋₆ alkylsulfinyl, C₁₋₆ alkylsulfonyl, carbamyl, C₁₋₆ alkylcarbamyl, di(C₁₋₆ alkyl)carbamyl, carboxy, C₁₋₆ alkylcarbonyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₁₋₆ alkylcarbonylamino, C₁₋₆ alkylsulfonylamino, aminosulfonyl, C₁₋₆ alkylaminosulfonyl, di(C₁₋₆ alkyl)aminosulfonyl, aminosulfonylamino, C₁₋₆ alkylaminosulfonylamino, di(C₁₋₆ alkyl)aminosulfonylamino, aminocarbonylamino, C₁₋₆ alkylaminocarbonylamino, and di(C₁₋₆ alkyl)aminocarbonylamino;

or R^(c) and R^(d) together with the N atom to which they are attached form a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered heterocycloalkyl group, which is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from OH, NO₂, CN, halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, cyano-C₁₋₆ alkyl, HO—C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy-C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, amino, C₁₋₆ alkylamino, di(C₁₋₆ alkyl)amino, thio, C₁₋₆ alkylthio, C₁₋₆ alkylsulfinyl, C₁₋₆ alkylsulfonyl, carbamyl, C₁₋₆ alkylcarbamyl, di(C₁₋₆ alkyl)carbamyl, carboxy, C₁₋₆ alkylcarbonyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₁₋₆ alkylcarbonylamino, C₁₋₆ alkylsulfonylamino, aminosulfonyl, C₁₋₆ alkylaminosulfonyl, di(C₁₋₆ alkyl)aminosulfonyl, aminosulfonylamino, C₁₋₆ alkylaminosulfonylamino, di(C₁₋₆ alkyl)aminosulfonylamino, aminocarbonylamino, C₁₋₆ alkylaminocarbonylamino, and di(C₁₋₆ alkyl)aminocarbonylamino;

each R^(e) is independently selected from H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, CN, OH, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, C₁₋₄ alkylsulfonyl, carbamyl, C₁₋₄ alkylcarbamyl, di(C₁₋₄ alkyl)carbamyl, and C₁₋₄ alkylcarbonyl;

each R^(a1), R^(b1), R^(c1), and R^(d1) is independently selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, 4-11 membered heterocycloalkyl, 6-10 membered aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, (4-11 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, (6-10 membered aryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, 4-11 membered heterocycloalkyl, 6-10 membered aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, (4-11 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, (6-10 membered aryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents independently selected from OH, NO₂, CN, halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, cyano-C₁₋₆ alkyl, HO—C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy-C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, amino, C₁₋₆ alkylamino, di(C₁₋₆ alkyl)amino, thio, C₁₋₆ alkylthio, C₁₋₆ alkylsulfinyl, C₁₋₆ alkylsulfonyl, carbamyl, C₁₋₆ alkylcarbamyl, di(C₁₋₆ alkyl)carbamyl, carboxy, C₁₋₆ alkylcarbonyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₁₋₆ alkylcarbonylamino, C₁₋₆ alkylsulfonylamino, aminosulfonyl, C₁₋₆ alkylaminosulfonyl, di(C₁₋₆ alkyl)aminosulfonyl, aminosulfonylamino, C₁₋₆ alkylaminosulfonylamino, di(C₁₋₆ alkyl)aminosulfonylamino, aminocarbonylamino, C₁₋₆ alkylaminocarbonylamino, and di(C₁₋₆ alkyl)aminocarbonylamino;

or R^(c1) and R^(d1) together with the N atom to which they are attached form a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered heterocycloalkyl group, which is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from OH, NO₂, CN, halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, cyano-C₁₋₆ alkyl, HO—C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy-C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, amino, C₁₋₆ alkylamino, di(C₁₋₆ alkyl)amino, thio, C₁₋₆ alkylthio, C₁₋₆ alkylsulfinyl, C₁₋₆ alkylsulfonyl, carbamyl, C₁₋₆ alkylcarbamyl, di(C₁₋₆ alkyl)carbamyl, carboxy, C₁₋₆ alkylcarbonyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₁₋₆ alkylcarbonylamino, C₁₋₆ alkylsulfonylamino, aminosulfonyl, C₁₋₆ alkylaminosulfonyl, di(C₁₋₆ alkyl)aminosulfonyl, aminosulfonylamino, C₁₋₆ alkylaminosulfonylamino, di(C₁₋₆ alkyl)aminosulfonylamino, aminocarbonylamino, C₁₋₆ alkylaminocarbonylamino, and di(C₁₋₆ alkyl)aminocarbonylamino;

a is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;

b is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; and

n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

In some embodiments, R¹ is C₁₋₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments, R¹ is methyl.

In some embodiments, R¹ is ethyl.

In some embodiments, R² is -L¹-(C₁₋₆ alkyl).

In some embodiments, R² is C₁₋₆ alkoxy.

In some embodiments, R² is methoxy.

In some embodiments, R³ is Cy or —(CR^(2b)R^(2c))_(a)-L²-(CR^(2b)R^(2c))_(b)-Cy.

In some embodiments, R³ is Cy.

In some embodiments, R³ is halo, CN, NO₂, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR^(a), SR^(a), C(O)R^(b), C(O)NR^(c)R^(d), C(O)OR^(a), OC(O)R^(b), OC(O)NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(O)R^(b), NR^(c)C(O)OR^(b), NR^(c)C(O)NR^(c)R^(d), C(═NR^(e))R^(b), C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)S(O)R^(b), NR^(c)S(O)₂R^(b), NR^(c)S(O)₂NR^(c)R^(d), S(O)R^(b), S(O)NR^(c)R^(d), S(O)₂R^(b), or S(O)₂NR^(c)R^(d).

In some embodiments, R³ is CN, NO₂, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OC(O)R^(b), OC(O)NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(O)R^(b), NR^(c)C(O)OR^(b), NR^(c)C(O)NR^(c)R^(d), C(═NR^(e))R^(b), C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)S(O)R^(b), NR^(c)S(O)₂R^(b), NR^(c)S(O)₂NR^(c)R^(d), S(O)R^(b), S(O)NR^(c)R^(d), or S(O)₂R^(b).

In some embodiments, R³ is 5-10 membered heteroaryl substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups independently selected from halo, CN, NO₂, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, 4-11 membered heterocycloalkyl, 6-10 membered aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, (4-11 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, (6-10 membered aryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, OR^(a1), SR^(a1), C(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), OC(O)R^(b1), OC(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(O)R^(b1), NR^(c1)C(O)OR^(b1), NR^(c1)C(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═NR^(e))R^(b1), C(═NR^(e))NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(═NR^(e))NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)S(O)R^(b1) NR^(c1)S(O)₂R^(b1)NR^(c1)S(O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(O)R^(b1), S(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(O)₂R^(b1), and S(O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1); wherein said C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, 4-11 membered heterocycloalkyl, 6-10 membered aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, (4-11 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, (6-10 membered aryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl are each optionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, or 4 groups independently selected from OR^(a1), SR^(a1), C(O)R^(b1), C(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(O)OR^(a1), OC(O)R^(b1), OC(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(O)R^(b1), NR^(c1)C(O)OR^(b1), NR^(c1)C(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═NR^(e))R^(b1), C(═NR^(e))NR^(c1)R^(dl), NR^(c1)C(═NR^(e))NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)S(O)R^(b1), NR^(c1)S(O)₂R^(b1), NR^(c1)S(O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(O)R^(b1), S(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(O)₂R^(b1), and S(O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1).

In some embodiments, R³ is 6-10 membered aryl substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups independently selected from NO₂, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, 4-11 membered heterocycloalkyl, 6-10 membered aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, (4-11 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, (6-10 membered aryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, SR^(a1), C(O)R^(b1), C(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(O)OR^(a1), OC(O)R^(b1), OC(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(O)R^(b1), NR^(c1)C(O)OR^(b1), NR^(c1)C(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═NR^(e))R^(b1), C(═NR^(e))NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(═NR^(e))NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)S(O)R^(b1), NR^(c1)S(O)₂R^(b1), NR^(c1)S(O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(O)R^(b1), S(O)NR^(c)R^(d1), S(O)₂R^(b1), and S(O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1); wherein said C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, 4-11 membered heterocycloalkyl, 6-10 membered aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, (4-11 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, (6-10 membered aryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl are each optionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, or 4 groups independently selected from OR^(a1), SR^(a1), C(O)R^(b1), C(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(O)OR^(a1), OC(O)R^(b1), OC(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(O)R^(b1), NR^(c1)C(O)OR^(b1), NR^(c1)C(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═NR^(e))R^(b1), C(═NR^(e))NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(═NR^(e))NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)S(O)R^(b1), NR^(c1)S(O)₂R^(b1), NR^(c1)S(O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(O)R^(b1), S(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(O)₂R^(b1), and S(O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1).

In some embodiments, Cy is selected from 6-10 membered aryl and 5-10 membered heteroaryl, each of which is substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(3a) groups.

In some embodiments, Cy is phenyl substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(3a) groups.

In some embodiments, Cy is 5-6 membered heteroaryl substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(3a) groups.

In some embodiments, Cy is pyridyl or pyrimidinyl substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(3a) groups.

In some embodiments, Cy is pyridyl substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(3a) groups.

In some embodiments, Cy is pyrimidinyl substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(3a) groups.

In some embodiments, Cy is substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected R^(3a) groups.

In some embodiments, R^(3a) is independently selected from halo, CN, NO₂, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, 4-11 membered heterocycloalkyl, 6-10 membered aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, (4-11 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, (6-10 membered aryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, OR^(a1), SR^(a1), C(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1)OC(O)R^(b1), OC(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(O)R^(b1) NR^(c1)C(O)OR^(b1), NR^(c1)C(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═NR^(e))R^(b1), C(═NR^(e))NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(═NR^(e))NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)S(O)R^(b1), NR^(c1)S(O)₂R^(b1), NR^(c1)S(O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(O)R^(b1), S(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(O)₂R^(b1), and S(O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1); wherein said C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, 4-11 membered heterocycloalkyl, 6-10 membered aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, (4-11 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, (6-10 membered aryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl are each optionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, or 4 groups independently selected from OR^(a1), SR^(a1), C(O)R^(b1), C(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(O)OR^(a1), OC(O)R^(b1), OC(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(O)R^(b1), NR^(c1)C(O)OR^(b1), NR^(c1)C(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═NR^(e))R^(b1), C(═NR^(e))NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(═NR^(e))NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)S(O)R^(b1), NR^(c1)S(O)₂R^(b1), NR^(c1)S(O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1) S(O)R^(b1), S(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(O)₂R^(b1), and S(O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1).

In some embodiments, R^(3a) is independently selected from NO₂, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, 4-11 membered heterocycloalkyl, 6-10 membered aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, (4-11 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, (6-10 membered aryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, SR^(a1), C(O)R^(b1), C(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), OC(O)R^(b1), OC(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(O)R^(b1), NR^(c1)C(O)OR^(b1), NR^(c1)C(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═NR^(e))R^(b1), C(═NR^(e))NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(═NR^(e))NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)S(O)R^(b1), NR^(c1)S(O)₂R^(b1), NR^(c1)S(O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(O)R^(b1), S(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(O)₂R^(b1), and S(O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1); wherein said C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, 4-11 membered heterocycloalkyl, 6-10 membered aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, (4-11 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, (6-10 membered aryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl are each optionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, or 4 groups independently selected from OR^(a1), SR^(a1), C(O)R^(b1), C(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(O)OR^(a1), OC(O)R^(b1), OC(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(O)R^(b1), NR^(c1)C(O)OR^(b1), NR^(c1)C(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═NR^(e))R^(b1), C(═NR^(e))NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(═NR^(e))NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)S(O)R^(b1), NR^(c1)S(O)₂R^(b1), NR^(c1)S(O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(O)R^(b1), S(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(O)₂R^(b1), and S(O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1).

In some embodiments, R^(3a) is independently selected from halo, CN, C(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)R^(d1), and S(O)₂R^(b1).

In some embodiments, R^(3a) is independently selected from halo, CN, C(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), and S(O)₂R^(b1).

In some embodiments, R^(3a) is S(O)₂R^(b1).

In some embodiments, R^(3a) is S(O)₂—(C₁₋₄ alkyl).

In some embodiments, R^(3a) is S(O)₂—CH₃.

In some embodiments, R^(3a) is NH₂.

In some embodiments, R^(3a) is other than CN, halo, OH, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, —NH₂, —NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —(C₁₋₆ alkyl)-NH₂, —(C₁₋₆ alkyl)-NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —(C₁₋₆ alkyl)-N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, or —C(O)O—(C₁₋₆ alkyl);

In some embodiments, R^(3a) is other than C₁₋₆ alkyl, —(C₁₋₆ alkyl)-NH₂, —(C₁₋₆ alkyl)-NH(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —(C₁₋₆ alkyl)-N(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂, —C(O)—(C₁₋₆ alkyl), —C(O)OH, or —C(O)O—(C₁₋₆ alkyl);

In some embodiments, R⁴ is halo, CN, C₁₋₄ alkyl, or C₁₋₄ haloalkyl.

In some embodiments, R⁴ is halo.

In some embodiments, R⁴ is methyl.

In some embodiments, R⁴ is F.

In some embodiments, R⁴ is Cl.

In some embodiments, R⁵ is Cl, F, or methyl.

In some embodiments, R⁵ is Cl.

In some embodiments, R⁶ is H.

In some embodiments, R⁷ is CN.

In some embodiments, R⁸ is H.

In some embodiments, R^(A) is H.

In some embodiments, when Cy is 6-10 membered aryl, then said 6-10 membered aryl is substituted by at least one group selected from NO₂, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, 4-11 membered heterocycloalkyl, 6-10 membered aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, (4-11 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, (6-10 membered aryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, SR^(a1), C(O)R^(b1), C(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), OC(O)R^(b1), OC(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(O)R^(b1), NR^(c1)C(O)OR^(b1), NR^(c1)C(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═NR^(e))R^(b1), C(═NR^(e))NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(═NR^(e))NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)S(O)R^(b1), NR^(c1)S(O)₂R^(b1), NR^(c1)S(O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(O)R^(b1), S(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(O)₂R^(b1), and S(O)₂NR^(c1)R_(d1); wherein said C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, 4-11 membered heterocycloalkyl, 6-10 membered aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, (4-11 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, (6-10 membered aryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl are each optionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, or 4 groups independently selected from OR^(a1), SR^(a1), C(O)R^(b1), C(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(O)OR^(a1), OC(O)R^(b1), OC(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(O)R^(b1), NR^(c1)C(O)OR^(b1), NR^(c1)C(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═NR^(e))R^(b1), C(═NR^(e))NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(═NR^(e))NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)S(O)R^(b1), NR^(c1)S(O)₂R^(b1), NR^(c1)S(O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(O)R^(b1), S(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(O)₂R^(b1), and S(O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1); and

when Cy is 5-10 membered heteroaryl, then said 5-10 membered heteroaryl is substituted by at least one group selected from halo, CN, NO₂, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, 4-11 membered heterocycloalkyl, 6-10 membered aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, (4-11 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, (6-10 membered aryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, OR^(a1), SR^(a1), C(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), OC(O)R^(b1), OC(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(O)R^(b1), NR^(c1)C(O)OR^(b1), NR^(c1)C(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═NR^(e))R^(b1), C(═NR^(e))NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(═NR^(e))NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)S(O)R^(b1), NR^(c1)S(O)₂R^(b1), NR^(c1)S(O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(O)R^(b1), S(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(O)₂R^(b1), and S(O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1); wherein said C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, 4-11 membered heterocycloalkyl, 6-10 membered aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, (4-11 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, (6-10 membered aryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl are each optionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, or 4 groups independently selected from OR^(a1), SR^(a1), C(O)R^(b1), C(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(O)OR^(a1), OC(O)R^(b1), OC(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(O)R^(b1), NR^(c1)C(O)OR^(b1), NR^(c1)C(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═NR^(e))R^(b1), C(═NR^(e))NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(═NR^(e))NR^(c1)R^(d1)NR^(c1)S(O)R^(b1), NR^(c1)S(O)₂R^(b1), NR^(c1)S(O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(O)R^(b1), S(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(O)₂R^(b1), and S(O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1).

In some embodiments, the compound has Formula II:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound has Formula III:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

It is further appreciated that certain features of the invention, which are, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, can also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features of the invention which are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, can also be provided separately or in any suitable subcombination.

At various places in the present specification, divalent linking substituents are described. It is specifically intended that each divalent linking substituent include both the forward and backward forms of the linking substituent. For example, —NR(CR′R″)_(n)— includes both —NR(CR′R″)_(n)— and —(CR′R″)_(n)NR—. Where the structure clearly requires a linking group, the Markush variables listed for that group are understood to be linking groups.

The term “n-membered” where n is an integer typically describes the number of ring-forming atoms in a moiety where the number of ring-forming atoms is n. For example, piperidinyl is an example of a 6-membered heterocycloalkyl ring, pyrazolyl is an example of a 5-membered heteroaryl ring, pyridyl is an example of a 6-membered heteroaryl ring, and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene is an example of a 10-membered cycloalkyl group.

Throughout the definitions, the term “C_(n-m)” indicates a range which includes the endpoints, wherein n and m are integers and indicate the number of carbons. Examples include C₁₋₄, C₁₋₆, and the like.

As used herein, the term “C_(n-m) alkyl”, employed alone or in combination with other terms, refers to a saturated hydrocarbon group that may be straight-chain or branched, having n to m carbons. In some embodiments, the alkyl group contains from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, from 1 to 3 carbon atoms, or 1 to 2 carbon atoms. Examples of alkyl moieties include, but are not limited to, chemical groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, tert-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl; higher homologs such as 2-methyl-1-butyl, n-pentyl, 3-pentyl, n-hexyl, 1,2,2-trimethylpropyl, and the like.

As used herein, “C_(n-m) alkenyl” refers to an alkyl group having one or more double carbon-carbon bonds and having n to m carbons. In some embodiments, the alkenyl moiety contains 2 to 6 or to 2 to 4 carbon atoms. Example alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethenyl, n-propenyl, isopropenyl, n-butenyl, sec-butenyl, and the like.

As used herein, “C_(n-m) alkynyl” refers to an alkyl group having one or more triple carbon-carbon bonds and having n to m carbons. Example alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethynyl, propyn-1-yl, propyn-2-yl, and the like. In some embodiments, the alkynyl moiety contains 2 to 6 or 2 to 4 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “C_(n-m) alkoxy”, employed alone or in combination with other terms, refers to a group of formula —O-alkyl, wherein the alkyl group has n to m carbons. Example alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy (e.g., n-propoxy and isopropoxy), t-butoxy, and the like. In some embodiments, the alkyl group has 1 to 6 or 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “C_(n-m) alkylamino” refers to a group of formula —NH(alkyl), wherein the alkyl group has n to m carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the alkyl group has 1 to 6 or 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “C_(n-m) alkoxycarbonyl” refers to a group of formula —C(O)O-alkyl, wherein the alkyl group has n to m carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the alkyl group has 1 to 6 or 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “C_(n-m) alkylcarbonyl” refers to a group of formula —C(O)-alkyl, wherein the alkyl group has n to m carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the alkyl group has 1 to 6 or 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “C_(n-m) alkylcarbonylamino” refers to a group of formula —NHC(O)-alkyl, wherein the alkyl group has n to m carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the alkyl group has 1 to 6 or 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “C_(n-m), alkylsulfonylamino” refers to a group of formula —NHS(O)₂-alkyl, wherein the alkyl group has n to m carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the alkyl group has 1 to 6 or 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “aminosulfonyl” refers to a group of formula —S(O)₂NH₂, wherein the alkyl group has n to m carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “C_(n-m) alkylaminosulfonyl” refers to a group of formula —S(O)₂NH(alkyl), wherein the alkyl group has n to m carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the alkyl group has 1 to 6 or 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “di(C_(n-m) alkyl)aminosulfonyl” refers to a group of formula —S(O)₂N(alkyl)₂, wherein each alkyl group independently has n to m carbon atoms. In some embodiments, each alkyl group has, independently, 1 to 6 or 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “aminosulfonylamino” refers to a group of formula —NHS(O)₂NH₂.

As used herein, the term “C_(n-m) alkylaminosulfonylamino” refers to a group of formula —NHS(O)₂NH(alkyl), wherein the alkyl group has n to m carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the alkyl group has 1 to 6 or 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “di(C_(n-m) alkyl)aminosulfonylamino” refers to a group of formula —NHS(O)₂N(alkyl)₂, wherein each alkyl group independently has n to m carbon atoms. In some embodiments, each alkyl group has, independently, 1 to 6 or 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “aminocarbonylamino”, employed alone or in combination with other terms, refers to a group of formula —NHC(O)NH₂.

As used herein, the term “C_(n-m) alkylaminocarbonylamino” refers to a group of formula —NHC(O)NH(alkyl), wherein the alkyl group has n to m carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the alkyl group has 1 to 6 or 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “di(C_(n-m) alkyl)aminocarbonylamino” refers to a group of formula —NHC(O)N(alkyl)₂, wherein each alkyl group independently has n to m carbon atoms. In some embodiments, each alkyl group has, independently, 1 to 6 or 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “C_(n-m) alkylcarbamyl” refers to a group of formula —C(O)—NH(alkyl), wherein the alkyl group has n to m carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the alkyl group has 1 to 6 or 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “thio” refers to a group of formula —S—H.

As used herein, the term “C_(n-m) alkylthio” refers to a group of formula —S-alkyl, wherein the alkyl group has n to m carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the alkyl group has 1 to 6 or 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “C_(n-m) alkylsulfinyl” refers to a group of formula —S(O)-alkyl, wherein the alkyl group has n to m carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the alkyl group has 1 to 6 or 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “C_(n-m) alkylsulfonyl” refers to a group of formula —S(O)₂-alkyl, wherein the alkyl group has n to m carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the alkyl group has 1 to 6 or 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “amino” refers to a group of formula —NH₂.

As used herein, the term “carbamyl” to a group of formula —C(O)NH₁₂.

As used herein, the term “carbonyl”, employed alone or in combination with other terms, refers to a —C(O)— group.

As used herein, the term “carboxy” refers to a group of formula —C(O)OH.

As used herein, the term “di(C_(n-m)-alkyl)amino” refers to a group of formula —N(alkyl)₂, wherein the two alkyl groups each has, independently, n to m carbon atoms. In some embodiments, each alkyl group independently has 1 to 6 or 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “di(C_(n-m)-alkyl)carbamyl” refers to a group of formula —C(O)N(alkyl)₂, wherein the two alkyl groups each has, independently, n to m carbon atoms. In some embodiments, each alkyl group independently has 1 to 6 or 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

As used herein, “halo” refers to F, Cl, Br, or I. In some embodiments, the halo group is F or Cl.

As used herein, “C_(n-m) haloalkoxy” refers to a group of formula —O-haloalkyl having n to m carbon atoms. An example haloalkoxy group is OCF₃. In some embodiments, the haloalkoxy group is fluorinated only. In some embodiments, the alkyl group has 1 to 6 or 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “C_(n-m) haloalkyl”, employed alone or in combination with other terms, refers to an alkyl group having from one halogen atom to 2s+1 halogen atoms which may be the same or different, where “s” is the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl group, wherein the alkyl group has n to m carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the haloalkyl group is fluorinated only. In some embodiments, the alkyl group has 1 to 6 or 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “phenyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl” refers to a group of formula —C₁₋₄ alkylene-phenyl.

As used herein, “6-10 membered aryl” refers to a monocyclic or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ring having 6-10 ring members. In some embodiments, the aryl group is phenyl. In some embodiments, the aryl group is naphthyl.

As used herein “(6-10 membered aryl)-C_(n-m) alkyl” refers to a C_(n-m) alkyl group substituted by an aryl group.

As used herein, “cycloalkyl” refers to non-aromatic cyclic hydrocarbons including cyclized alkyl and/or alkenyl groups. Cycloalkyl groups can include mono- or polycyclic (e.g., having 2, 3 or 4 fused rings) groups and spirocycles. Cycloalkyl groups can have 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 ring-forming carbons (C₃₋₇). Ring-forming carbon atoms of a cycloalkyl group can be optionally substituted by oxo or sulfido. Cycloalkyl groups also include cycloalkylidenes. Example cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohexadienyl, cycloheptatrienyl, norbornyl, norpinyl, norcarnyl, adamantyl, and the like. In some embodiments, cycloalkyl is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl. Also included in the definition of cycloalkyl are moieties that have one or more aromatic rings fused (i.e., having a bond in common with) to the cycloalkyl ring, for example, benzo or thienyl derivatives of cyclopentane, cyclohexane, and the like. A cycloalkyl group containing a fused aromatic ring can be attached through any ring-forming atom including a ring-forming atom of the fused aromatic ring.

As used herein, “(C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl)-C_(n-m) alkyl” refers to a C_(n-m) alkyl group substituted by a C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl group.

As used herein, “5-10 membered heteroaryl” refers to a monocyclic or polycyclic aromatic heterocycle having at least one heteroatom ring member selected from sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl ring has 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 heteroatom ring members independently selected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl ring has 1, 2, 3 or 4 N heteroatom ring members. In some embodiments, any ring-forming N in a heteroaryl moiety can be an N-oxide. In some embodiments, the 5-10 membered heteroaryl group is a five-membered heteroaryl ring. In some embodiments, the 5-10 membered heteroaryl is a 6-membered heteroaryl ring.

A five-membered heteroaryl ring is a heteroaryl with a ring having five ring atoms wherein one or more (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) ring atoms are independently selected from N, O, and S. Exemplary five-membered ring heteroaryls are thienyl, furyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrazolyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, tetrazolyl, 1,2,3-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-triazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, and 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl.

A six-membered heteroaryl ring is a heteroaryl with a ring having six ring atoms wherein one or more (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) ring atoms are independently selected from N, O, and S. Exemplary six-membered ring heteroaryls are pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl and pyridazinyl.

As used herein, the term “(5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C_(n-m) alkyl” refers to a C_(n-m) alkyl group substituted by a 5-10 membered heteroaryl group.

As used herein, “4-11 membered heterocycloalkyl” refers to non-aromatic monocyclic or polycyclic heterocycles having one or more ring-forming heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S and having 4-11 ring members. Included in 4-11 membered heterocycloalkyl groups are monocyclic 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-membered heterocycloalkyl groups. Heterocycloalkyl groups can also include spirocycles. Example “4-11 membered heterocycloalkyl” groups include pyrrolidin-2-one, 1,3-isoxazolidin-2-one, pyranyl, azetidinyl, morpholino, thiomorpholino, piperazinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, thiazolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, azepanyl, benzazapene, and the like. Ring-forming carbon atoms and heteroatoms of a heterocycloalkyl group can be optionally substituted by oxo or sulfido (e.g., C(O), S(O), C(S), or S(O)₂, etc.). The heterocycloalkyl group can be attached through a ring-forming carbon atom or a ring-forming heteroatom. In some embodiments, the heterocycloalkyl group contains 0 to 3 double or triple bonds. In some embodiments, the heterocycloalkyl group contains 0 to 2 double bonds. Also included in the definition of heterocycloalkyl are moieties that have one or more aromatic rings fused (i.e., having a bond in common with) to the cycloalkyl ring, for example, benzo or thienyl derivatives of piperidine, morpholine, azepine, etc. A heterocycloalkyl group containing a fused aromatic ring can be attached through any ring-forming atom including a ring-forming atom of the fused aromatic ring.

As used herein, the term “(4-11 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C_(n-m) alkyl” refers to a C_(n-m) alkyl group substituted by a 4-11 membered heterocycloalkyl.

The compounds described herein can be asymmetric (e.g., having one or more stereocenters). All stereoisomers, such as enantiomers and diastereomers, are intended unless otherwise indicated. Compounds of the present invention that contain asymmetrically substituted carbon atoms can be isolated in optically active or racemic forms. Methods on how to prepare optically active forms from optically inactive starting materials are known in the art, such as by resolution of racemic mixtures or by stereoselective synthesis. Many geometric isomers of olefins, C═N double bonds, and the like can also be present in the compounds described herein, and all such stable isomers are contemplated in the present invention. Cis and trans geometric isomers of the compounds of the present invention are described and may be isolated as a mixture of isomers or as separated isomeric forms.

In some embodiments, the compound has the (R)-configuration. In some embodiments, the compound has the (S)-configuration.

Resolution of racemic mixtures of compounds can be carried out by any of numerous methods known in the art. An example method includes fractional recrystallization using a chiral resolving acid which is an optically active, salt-forming organic acid. Suitable resolving agents for fractional recrystallization methods are, for example, optically active acids, such as the D and L forms of tartaric acid, diacetyltartaric acid, dibenzoyltartaric acid, mandelic acid, malic acid, lactic acid or the various optically active camphorsulfonic acids such as β-camphorsulfonic acid. Other resolving agents suitable for fractional crystallization methods include stereoisomerically pure forms of α-methylbenzylamine (e.g., S and R forms, or diastereomerically pure forms), 2-phenylglycinol, norephedrine, ephedrine, N-methylephedrine, cyclohexylethylamine, 1,2-diaminocyclohexane, and the like.

Resolution of racemic mixtures can also be carried out by elution on a column packed with an optically active resolving agent (e.g., dinitrobenzoylphenylglycine). Suitable elution solvent composition can be determined by one skilled in the art.

Compounds of the invention also include tautomeric forms. Tautomeric forms result from the swapping of a single bond with an adjacent double bond together with the concomitant migration of a proton. Tautomeric forms include prototropic tautomers which are isomeric protonation states having the same empirical formula and total charge. Example prototropic tautomers include ketone-enol pairs, amide-imidic acid pairs, lactam-lactim pairs, enamine-imine pairs, and annular forms where a proton can occupy two or more positions of a heterocyclic system, for example, 1H- and 3H-imidazole, 1H-, 2H- and 4H-1,2,4-triazole, 1H- and 2H-isoindole, and 1H- and 2H-pyrazole. Tautomeric forms can be in equilibrium or sterically locked into one form by appropriate substitution.

Compounds of the invention can also include all isotopes of atoms occurring in the intermediates or final compounds. Isotopes include those atoms having the same atomic number but different mass numbers. For example, isotopes of hydrogen include tritium and deuterium.

The term, “compound,” as used herein is meant to include all stereoisomers, geometric isomers, tautomers, and isotopes of the structures depicted. Compounds herein identified by name or structure as one particular tautomeric form are intended to include other tautomeric forms unless otherwise specified.

All compounds, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, can be found together with other substances such as water and solvents (e.g. hydrates and solvates) or can be isolated.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the invention, or salts thereof, are substantially isolated. By “substantially isolated” is meant that the compound is at least partially or substantially separated from the environment in which it was formed or detected. Partial separation can include, for example, a composition enriched in the compounds of the invention. Substantial separation can include compositions containing at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 97%, or at least about 99% by weight of the compounds of the invention, or salt thereof. Methods for isolating compounds and their salts are routine in the art.

The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” is employed herein to refer to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.

The expressions, “ambient temperature” and “room temperature,” as used herein, are understood in the art, and refer generally to a temperature, e.g. a reaction temperature, that is about the temperature of the room in which the reaction is carried out, for example, a temperature from about 20° C. to about 30° C.

The present invention also includes pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds described herein. As used herein, “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refers to derivatives of the disclosed compounds wherein the parent compound is modified by converting an existing acid or base moiety to its salt form. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, mineral or organic acid salts of basic residues such as amines; alkali or organic salts of acidic residues such as carboxylic acids; and the like. The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the present invention include the conventional non-toxic salts of the parent compound formed, for example, from non-toxic inorganic or organic acids. The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the present invention can be synthesized from the parent compound which contains a basic or acidic moiety by conventional chemical methods. Generally, such salts can be prepared by reacting the free acid or base forms of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base or acid in water or in an organic solvent, or in a mixture of the two; generally, non-aqueous media like ether, ethyl acetate, alcohols (e.g., methanol, ethanol, iso-propanol, or butanol) or acetonitrile (ACN) are preferred. Lists of suitable salts are found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17th ed., Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., 1985, p. 1418 and Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 66, 2 (1977), each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Synthesis

Compounds of the invention, including salts thereof, can be prepared using known organic synthesis techniques and can be synthesized according to any of numerous possible synthetic routes.

The reactions for preparing compounds of the invention can be carried out in suitable solvents which can be readily selected by one of skill in the art of organic synthesis. Suitable solvents can be substantially non-reactive with the starting materials (reactants), the intermediates, or products at the temperatures at which the reactions are carried out, e.g., temperatures which can range from the solvent's freezing temperature to the solvent's boiling temperature. A given reaction can be carried out in one solvent or a mixture of more than one solvent. Depending on the particular reaction step, suitable solvents for a particular reaction step can be selected by the skilled artisan.

Preparation of compounds of the invention can involve the protection and deprotection of various chemical groups. The need for protection and deprotection, and the selection of appropriate protecting groups, can be readily determined by one skilled in the art. The chemistry of protecting groups can be found, for example, in T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3^(rd) Ed., Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York (1999), which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Reactions can be monitored according to any suitable method known in the art. For example, product formation can be monitored by spectroscopic means, such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (e.g., ¹H or ¹³C), infrared spectroscopy, spectrophotometry (e.g., UV-visible), mass spectrometry, or by chromatographic methods such as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LCMS), or thin layer chromatography (TLC). Compounds can be purified by those skilled in the art by a variety of methods, including high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (“Preparative LC-MS Purification: Improved Compound Specific Method Optimization” Karl F. Blom, Brian Glass, Richard Sparks, Andrew P. Combs J. Combi. Chem. 2004, 6(6), 874-883, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety) and normal phase silica chromatography.

Compounds of Formula I can be formed as shown in Scheme I. The compound (i) can be halogenated with N-chlorosuccinamide, N-bromosuccinamide or N-iodosuccinamide to give compound (II) where X=Cl, Br, or I. The halo group of (ii) can be coupled to R³-M, where M is a boronic acid, boronic ester or an appropriately substituted metal (e.g., R³-M is R³—B(OH)₂ or R³—Sn(Bu)₄), under standard Suzuki conditions or standard Stille conditions (e.g., in the presence of a palladium(0) catalyst, such as tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) and a base (e.g., a bicarbonate or carbonate base) to give a derivative of formula (iii). Alternatively, R³-M can be a cyclic amine (where M is H and attached to the amine nitrogen) with coupling to compound (II) being performed by heating in base or under Buchwald conditions (e.g., in the presence of a palladium(0) catalyst, such as tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) and a base (e.g., an alkoxide base)) to afford ketone (iii). Reductive amination of the ketone (iii) can furnish the amine intermediate (v). Alternatively, ketone (iii) can be reduced to give an alcohol which can be converted to the mesylate and reacted with sodium azide to give an azide derivative (iv). The azide of compound (iv) can be converted to an amine (v) under appropriate reducing conditions, such as trimethylphosphine or TMSI. The amine (v) can be reacted with an appropriate alkylating agent R^(A)X (e.g., MeI) or reacted under reductive amination conditions to give compound (vi). Finally compound (vi) can be reacted with a heteroaryl halide compound (e.g., Ar—X, such as 4-amino-6-chloropyrimidine-5-carbonitrile) to give a compound of Formula I. The reaction of amine (v) with R^(A)—X can be skipped to give compounds of Formula I, wherein R^(A) is H.

Alternatively, compounds of Formula I can also be formed as shown in Scheme II. The ketone compound (i) can be halogenated with N-chlorosuccinamide, N-bromosuccinamide or N-iodosuccinamide to give compound (ii) where X=Cl, Br, or I. Ketone (ii) can be reduced to give an alcohol (iii) which can be converted to the mesylate and reacted with sodium azide to give an azide derivative (iv). The azide of compound (iv) can be converted to an amine (v) under appropriate reducing conditions, such as trimethylphosphine or TMSI. The amine (v) can be protected with a suitable protecting group (e.g., by reacting with Boc₂O) and purified by chiral chromatography to afford a single enantiomer of amine compound (v). The amino group can be deprotected (e.g., TFA when P=Boc) and reacted with an appropriate alkylating agent R^(A)X (e.g., MeI) and the resulting secondary amine can be reacted with a heteroaryl halide compound (e.g., Ar—X) to give a compound (vi). The reaction of amine (v) with R^(A)—X can be eliminated to give compounds (vi), wherein R^(A) is H. Finally, the halo group of (vi) can be coupled to R³-M, where M is a boronic acid, boronic ester or an appropriately substituted metal (e.g., R³-M is R³—B(OH)₂ or R³—Sn(Bu)₄), under standard Suzuki conditions or standard Stille conditions (e.g., in the presence of a palladium(0) catalyst, such as tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)-palladium(0) and a base (e.g., a bicarbonate or carbonate base)) to give a derivative of formula (vii). Alternatively, R³-M can be a cyclic amine (where M is H and attached to the amine nitrogen) with coupling to compound (vi) being performed by heating in base or under Buchwald conditions (e.g., in the presence of a palladium(0) catalyst, such as tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)-palladium(0) and a base (e.g., an alkoxide base)) to afford compounds of Formula I (vii).

Compounds of Formula I, wherein L is O, N, or S, can be formed as shown in Scheme III. The thiols, phenols or amines (i) can be alkylated using Mitsunobu conditions (e.g., R OH, DEAD, Ph₃P) or standard alkylating conditions (R′-Lg, Lg=leaving group) to afford thioether, ether, or alkylamine derivatives (ii), respectively. The halo group (e.g., X=Br, I) of (ii) can be coupled to R³-M, where M is a boronic acid, boronic ester or an appropriately substituted metal (e.g., R³-M is R³—B(OH)₂ or R³—Sn(Bu)₄), under standard Suzuki conditions or standard Stille conditions (e.g., in the presence of a palladium(0) catalyst, such as tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)-palladium(0) and a base (e.g., a bicarbonate or carbonate base)) to give a derivative of formula (iii). Alternatively, R³-M can be a cyclic amine (where M is H and attached to the amine nitrogen) with coupling to compound (II) being performed by heating in base or under Buchwald conditions (e.g., in the presence of a palladium(0) catalyst, such as tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)-palladium(0) and a base (e.g., an alkoxide base)) to afford compounds of formula (iii). The ketone (iii) can be transformed using similar methods as shown in Scheme I and II to afford compounds of Formula I (iv). Alternatively, the halo-ketone (ii) can be transformed using similar methods as shown in Scheme I and II to afford halo intermediate (v). Suzuki, Stille, Negishi or Buchwald coupling of R³-M with halo intermediate (v) by similar methods described in Schemes I and II can also afford compounds of Formula I (iv).

Compounds of Formula I can be formed as shown in Scheme IV. Compound (i) can be acylated with a suitable acylating reagent (e.g., R¹—COCl) to form an ester which can be rearranged under Lewis acid conditions e.g., BF₃/HOAc complex) to afford ketone (ii). Halogenation of ketone (ii) using NXS (e.g., NXS=N-chlorosuccinamide, N-bromosuccinamide or N-iodosuccinamide) can give compound (iii) where X=Cl, Br, or I. The phenol can be converted to the triflate (iv) using standard conditions (e.g., Tf₂O). The triflate group of (iv) can be coupled to R²-M, where M is a boronic acid, boronic ester or an appropriately substituted metal (e.g., R²-M is R²—B(OH)₂ or R²—Sn(Bu)₄), under standard Suzuki conditions or standard Stille conditions (e.g., in the presence of a palladium(0) catalyst, such as tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) and a base (e.g., a bicarbonate or carbonate base)) to give a derivative of formula (v). Alternatively, R²-M can be a cyclic amine (where M is H and attached to the amine nitrogen) with coupling to compound (iv) being performed by heating in base or under Buchwald conditions (e.g., in the presence of a palladium(0) catalyst, such as tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) and a base (e.g., an alkoxide base)) to afford ketone (v). The halo group of (v) can be coupled to R³-M, where M is a boronic acid, boronic ester or an appropriately substituted metal (e.g., R³-M is R³—B(OH)₂ or R³—Sn(Bu)₄), under standard Suzuki conditions or standard Stille conditions (e.g., in the presence of a palladium(0) catalyst, such as tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) and a base (e.g., a bicarbonate or carbonate base)) to give a derivative of formula (vi). Alternatively, R³-M can be a cyclic amine (where M is H and attached to the amine nitrogen) with coupling to compound (iv) being performed by heating in base or under Buchwald conditions (e.g., in the presence of a palladium(0) catalyst, such as tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) and a base (e.g., an alkoxide base)) to afford ketone (vi). The ketone (vi) can be transformed using similar methods as shown in Scheme I and II to afford compounds of Formula I (viii).

Alternatively, the halo-ketone (v) can be transformed using similar methods as shown in Scheme I and II to afford halo intermediate (viii). Suzuki, Stille, Negishi or Buchwald coupling of M-R³ with compound (viii) by similar methods described in Schemes I and II can also afford compounds of Formula I (vii).

Ketones which can be used in the processes of Scheme I, II and III can be formed as shown in Scheme V below. The carboxylic acid (i) can be activated with a coupling agent (e.g., HBTU, HATU or EDC) and then reacted with N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine to give a N-methoxy-N-methylcarboxamide derivative (ii). Amide (ii) may then be reacted with a Grignard reagent of formula R¹-MgX (X=halo) to give a ketone (iii). The ketone (iii) can be transformed using similar methods as shown in Schemes I, II and III to afford compounds of Formula I.

Ketones which can be used in the processes of Scheme I, II and III, can also be formed as shown in Scheme VI below. The carboxylic acid (i) can be activated with a coupling agent (e.g. HBTU or HATU) and then reacted with N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine to give a N-methoxy-N-methylcarboxamide. The thiols, phenols or amines can be alkylated using Mitsunobu conditions (e.g., R′OH, DEAD, Ph₃P) or standard alkylating conditions (R′-Lg, Lg=leaving group) to afford thioether, ether or alkylamine derivatives (ii), respectively. The halo group (e.g., X=Br, or I) of (ii) can be coupled to R³-M, where M is a boronic acid, boronic ester or an appropriately substituted metal (e.g., R³-M is R³—B(OH)₂ or R³—Sn(Bu)₄), under standard Suzuki conditions or standard Stille conditions (e.g., in the presence of a palladium(0) catalyst, such as tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) and a base (e.g., a bicarbonate or carbonate base)) to give a derivative of formula (iii). Alternatively, R³-M can be a cyclic amine (where M is H and attached to the amine nitrogen) with coupling to compound (II) being performed by heating in base or under Buchwald conditions (e.g., in the presence of a palladium(0) catalyst, such as tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) and a base (e.g., an alkoxide base)) to afford amides (iii) of Formula I. Reaction of compound (iii) with a Grignard reagent of formula R¹-MgX (X=halo) can give ketone (iv). The ketone (iv) can be transformed using similar methods as shown in Schemes I, II and III to afford compounds of Formula I.

Compounds which can be used in the processes of Schemes I-III can also be formed as shown in Scheme VII. The halo-ketone (i) can be converted to the cyano-ketone (ii) using standard cyanation conditions (e.g., Pd(0) and Zn(CN)₂). Hydrolysis of the cyano group of (ii) under acid or base conditions can give the carboxylic acid which can be coupled to amines using a coupling agent (e.g., HATU, HBTU, EDC) and appropriate amines (HNR^(x)R^(y)) to give amide (iii) (R^(x) and R^(y) are various optionally substituted cyclic groups and non-cyclic groups, or R^(x) and R^(y), along with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached can cyclize to form a heterocycloalkyl group). The ketone of amide (iii) can be transformed using similar methods as shown in Schemes I, II and III to afford compounds of Formula I.

Additional compounds which can be used in the processes of Schemes I-III can be formed as shown in Scheme VIII. The ketone (i) can be converted to the nitro-ketone (ii) using standard nitration conditions (e.g., HNO₃). Reduction of the nitro group of (ii) under standard conditions (e.g., Fe, Zn, H₂ over Pd/C) can give the amino compound which can be derivatized, including acylated with appropriate acylating agents (e.g., R^(z)C═OCl, ROC═OCl, SO₂Cl, and R′R″NC═OCl) to give ketone (iii) (R^(z), R, R′, and R″, for example, can be various optionally substituted cyclic groups and non-cyclic groups as defined in the claims and throughout). The ketone (iii) can be transformed using similar methods as shown in Schemes I, II and III to afford compounds of Formula I.

Further compounds which can be used in the processes of Schemes I-III can be formed as shown in Scheme IX. The ether (i) can be converted to a phenol (ii) using standard nitration conditions (e.g., BBr₃). The halo-phenol (ii) can be converted to the cyano-phenol (iii) using standard cyanation conditions (e.g., CuCN or Pd(0) and Zn(CN)₂). The phenol (iii) can be converted to the triflate (iv) using Tf₂O. The triflate group of (iv) can be coupled to R²-M, where M is a boronic acid, boronic ester or an appropriately substituted metal (e.g., R²— M is R²—B(OH)₂ or R²—Sn(Bu)₄), under standard Suzuki conditions or standard Stille conditions (e.g., in the presence of a palladium(0) catalyst, such as tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) and a base (e.g., a bicarbonate or carbonate base)) to give a derivative of formula (v). Alternatively, R²-M can be a cyclic amine (where M is H and attached to the amine nitrogen) with coupling to compound (iv) being performed by heating in base or under Buchwald conditions (e.g., in the presence of a palladium(0) catalyst, such as tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) and a base (e.g., an alkoxide base)) to afford ketone (v). Hydrolysis of the cyano group of (v) under acid or base conditions can give the carboxylic acid which can be coupled to amines using a coupling agent (e.g., HATU, HBTU, EDC) and an appropriate amine (HNR^(x)R^(y)) to give amide (vi). The ketone group of amide (vi) can be transformed using similar methods as shown in Schemes I, II and III to afford compounds of Formula I.

Methods

The compounds of the invention can modulate activity of one or more of various kinases including, for example, phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks). The term “modulate” is meant to refer to an ability to increase or decrease the activity of one or more members of the PI3K family. Accordingly, the compounds of the invention can be used in methods of modulating a PI3K by contacting the PI3K with any one or more of the compounds or compositions described herein. In some embodiments, compounds of the present invention can act as inhibitors of one or more PI3Ks. In further embodiments, the compounds of the invention can be used to modulate activity of a PI3K in an individual in need of modulation of the receptor by administering a modulating amount of a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, modulating is inhibiting.

Given that cancer cell growth and survival is impacted by multiple signaling pathways, the present invention is useful for treating disease states characterized by drug resistant kinase mutants. In addition, different kinase inhibitors, exhibiting different preferences in the kinases which they modulate the activities of, may be used in combination. This approach could prove highly efficient in treating disease states by targeting multiple signaling pathways, reduce the likelihood of drug-resistance arising in a cell, and reduce the toxicity of treatments for disease.

Kinases to which the present compounds bind and/or modulate (e.g., inhibit) include any member of the PI3K family. In some embodiments, the PI3K is PI3Kα, PI3Kβ, PI3Kγ, or PI3Kδ. In some embodiments, the PI3K is PI3Kγ or PI3Kδ. In some embodiments, the PI3K is PI3Kγ. In some embodiments, the PI3K is PI3Kδ. In some embodiments, the PI3K includes a mutation. A mutation can be a replacement of one amino acid for another, or a deletion of one or more amino acids. In such embodiments, the mutation can be present in the kinase domain of the PI3K.

In some embodiments, more than one compound of the invention is used to inhibit the activity of one kinase (e.g., PI3Kγ or PI3Kδ).

In some embodiments, more than one compound of the invention is used to inhibit more than one kinase, such as at least two kinases (e.g., PI3Kγ and PI3Kδ).

In some embodiments, one or more of the compounds is used in combination with another kinase inhibitor to inhibit the activity of one kinase (e.g., PI3Kγ or PI3Kδ).

In some embodiments, one or more of the compounds is used in combination with another kinase inhibitor to inhibit the activities of more than one kinase (e.g., PI3Kγ or PI3Kδ), such as at least two kinases.

The compounds of the invention can be selective. By “selective” is meant that the compound binds to or inhibits a kinase with greater affinity or potency, respectively, compared to at least one other kinase. In some embodiments, the compounds of the invention are selective inhibitors of PI3Kγ or PI3Kδ over PI3Kα and/or PI3Kβ. In some embodiments, the compounds of the invention are selective inhibitors of PI3Kδ (e.g., over PI3Kα, PI3Kβ and PI3Kγ). In some embodiments, the compounds of the invention are selective inhibitors of PI3Kγ (e.g., over PI3Kα, PI3Kβ and PI3Kδ). In some embodiments, selectivity can be at least about 2-fold, 5-fold, 10-fold, at least about 20-fold, at least about 50-fold, at least about 100-fold, at least about 200-fold, at least about 500-fold or at least about 1000-fold. Selectivity can be measured by methods routine in the art. In some embodiments, selectivity can be tested at the K_(m) ATP concentration of each enzyme. In some embodiments, the selectivity of compounds of the invention can be determined by cellular assays associated with particular PI3K kinase activity.

Another aspect of the present invention pertains to methods of treating a kinase (such as PI3K)-associated disease or disorder in an individual (e.g., patient) by administering to the individual in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount or dose of one or more compounds of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. A PI3K-associated disease can include any disease, disorder or condition that is directly or indirectly linked to expression or activity of the PI3K, including overexpression and/or abnormal activity levels. In some embodiments, the disease can be linked to Akt (protein kinase B), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), or phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1). In some embodiments, the mTOR-related disease can be inflammation, atherosclerosis, psoriasis, restenosis, benign prostatic hypertrophy, bone disorders, pancreatitis, angiogenesis, diabetic retinopathy, atherosclerosis, arthritis, immunological disorders, kidney disease, or cancer. A PI3K-associated disease can also include any disease, disorder or condition that can be prevented, ameliorated, or cured by modulating PI3K activity. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by the abnormal activity of PI3K. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mutant PI3K. In such embodiments, the mutation can be present in the kinase domain of the PI3K.

Examples of PI3K-associated diseases include immune-based diseases involving the system including, for example, rheumatoid arthritis, allergy, asthma, glomerulonephritis, lupus, or inflammation related to any of the above.

Further examples of PI3K-associated diseases include cancers such as breast, prostate, colon, endometrial, brain, bladder, skin, uterus, ovary, lung, pancreatic, renal, gastric, or hematological cancer.

In some embodiments, the hematological cancer is acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) or chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), or B cell lymphoma.

Further examples of PI3K-associated diseases include lung diseases such as acute lung injury (ALI) and adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

Further examples of PI3K-associated diseases include osteoarthritis, restenosis, atherosclerosis, bone disorders, arthritis, diabetic retinopathy, psoriasis, benign prostatic hypertrophy, inflammation, angiogenesis, pancreatitis, kidney disease, inflammatory bowel disease, myasthenia gravis, multiple sclerosis, or Sjögren's syndrome, and the like.

As used herein, the term “contacting” refers to the bringing together of indicated moieties in an in vitro system or an in vivo system. For example, “contacting” a PI3K with a compound of the invention includes the administration of a compound of the present invention to an individual or patient, such as a human, having a PI3K, as well as, for example, introducing a compound of the invention into a sample containing a cellular or purified preparation containing the PI3K.

As used herein, the term “individual” or “patient,” used interchangeably, refers to any animal, including mammals, preferably mice, rats, other rodents, rabbits, dogs, cats, swine, cattle, sheep, horses, or primates, and most preferably humans.

As used herein, the phrase “therapeutically effective amount” refers to the amount of active compound or pharmaceutical agent that elicits the biological or medicinal response that is being sought in a tissue, system, animal, individual or human by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician. In some embodiments, the dosage of the compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, administered to a patient or individual is about 1 mg to about 2 g, about 1 mg to about 1000 mg, about 1 mg to about 500 mg, about 1 mg to about 100 mg, about 1 mg to 50 mg, or about 50 mg to about 500 mg.

As used herein, the term “treating” or “treatment” refers to one or more of (1) preventing the disease; for example, preventing a disease, condition or disorder in an individual who may be predisposed to the disease, condition or disorder but does not yet experience or display the pathology or symptomatology of the disease; (2) inhibiting the disease; for example, inhibiting a disease, condition or disorder in an individual who is experiencing or displaying the pathology or symptomatology of the disease, condition or disorder (i.e., arresting further development of the pathology and/or symptomatology); and (3) ameliorating the disease; for example, ameliorating a disease, condition or disorder in an individual who is experiencing or displaying the pathology or symptomatology of the disease, condition or disorder (i.e., reversing the pathology and/or symptomatology) such as decreasing the severity of disease.

Combination Therapies

One or more additional pharmaceutical agents such as, for example, chemotherapeutics, anti-inflammatory agents, steroids, immunosuppressants, as well as Bcr-Abl, Flt-3, EGFR, HER2, JAK, c-MET, VEGFR, PDGFR, cKit, IGF-1R, RAF, FAK, and mTOR kinase inhibitors such as, for example, those described in WO 2006/056399, or other agents such as, therapeutic antibodies can be used in combination with the compounds of the present invention for treatment of PI3K-associated diseases, disorders or conditions. The one or more additional pharmaceutical agents can be administered to a patient simultaneously or sequentially.

Example antibodies for use in combination therapy include but are not limited to Trastuzumab (e.g. anti-HER2), Ranibizumab (e.g. anti-VEGF-A), Bevacizumab (trade name Avastin, e.g. anti-VEGF, Panitumumab (e.g. anti-EGFR), Cetuximab (e.g. anti-EGFR), Rituxan (anti-CD20) and antibodies directed to c-MET.

One or more of the following agents may be used in combination with the compounds of the present invention and are presented as a non limiting list: a cytostatic agent, cisplatin, doxorubicin, taxotere, taxol, etoposide, irinotecan, camptostar, topotecan, paclitaxel, docetaxel, epothilones, tamoxifen, 5-fluorouracil, methoxtrexate, temozolomide, cyclophosphamide, SCH 66336, R115777, L778,123, BMS 214662, Iressa, Tarceva, antibodies to EGFR, Gleevec™, intron, ara-C, adriamycin, cytoxan, gemcitabine, Uracil mustard, Chlormethine, Ifosfamide, Melphalan, Chlorambucil, Pipobroman, Triethylenemelamine, Triethylenethiophosphoramine, Busulfan, Carmustine, Lomustine, Streptozocin, Dacarbazine, Floxuridine, Cytarabine, 6-Mercaptopurine, 6-Thioguanine, Fludarabine phosphate, oxaliplatin, leucovirin, ELOXATIN™, Pentostatine, Vinblastine, Vincristine, Vindesine, Bleomycin, Dactinomycin, Daunorubicin, Doxorubicin, Epirubicin, Idarubicin, Mithramycin, Deoxycoformycin, Mitomycin-C, L-Asparaginase, Teniposide 17.alpha.-Ethinylestradiol, Diethylstilbestrol, Testosterone, Prednisone, Fluoxymesterone, Dromostanolone propionate, Testolactone, Megestrolacetate, Methylprednisolone, Methyltestosterone, Prednisolone, Triamcinolone, Chlorotrianisene, Hydroxyprogesterone, Aminoglutethimide, Estramustine, Medroxyprogesteroneacetate, Leuprolide, Flutamide, Toremifene, goserelin, Cisplatin, Carboplatin, Hydroxyurea, Amsacrine, Procarbazine, Mitotane, Mitoxantrone, Levamisole, Navelbene, Anastrazole, Letrazole, Capecitabine, Reloxafine, Droloxafine, Hexamethylmelamine, Avastin, herceptin, Bexxar, Velcade, Zevalin, Trisenox, Xeloda, Vinorelbine, Porfimer, Erbitux, Liposomal, Thiotepa, Altretamine, Melphalan, Trastuzumab, Lerozole, Fulvestrant, Exemestane, Fulvestrant, Ifosfomide, Rituximab, C225, Campath, Clofarabine, cladribine, aphidicolon, rituxan, sunitinib, dasatinib, tezacitabine, Sml1, fludarabine, pentostatin, triapine, didox, trimidox, amidox, 3-AP, MDL-101,731, and bendamustine (Treanda).

Example chemotherapeutics include proteosome inhibitors (e.g., bortezomib), thalidomide, revlimid, and DNA-damaging agents such as melphalan, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, etoposide, carmustine, and the like.

Example steroids include coriticosteroids such as dexamethasone or prednisone.

Example Bcr-Abl inhibitors include the compounds, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, of the genera and species disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,521,184, WO 04/005281, and U.S. Ser. No. 60/578,491.

Example suitable Flt-3 inhibitors include compounds, and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, as disclosed in WO 03/037347, WO 03/099771, and WO 04/046120.

Example suitable RAF inhibitors include compounds, and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, as disclosed in WO 00/09495 and WO 05/028444.

Example suitable FAK inhibitors include compounds, and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, as disclosed in WO 04/080980, WO 04/056786, WO 03/024967, WO 01/064655, WO 00/053595, and WO 01/014402.

Example suitable mTOR inhibitors include compounds, and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, as disclosed in WO 2011/025889.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the invention can be used in combination with one or more other kinase inhibitors including imatinib, particularly for treating patients resistant to imatinib or other kinase inhibitors.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the invention can be used in combination with a chemotherapeutic in the treatment of cancer, such as multiple myeloma, and may improve the treatment response as compared to the response to the chemotherapeutic agent alone, without exacerbation of its toxic effects. Examples of additional pharmaceutical agents used in the treatment of multiple myeloma, for example, can include, without limitation, melphalan, melphalan plus prednisone [MP], doxorubicin, dexamethasone, and Velcade (bortezomib). Further additional agents used in the treatment of multiple myeloma include Bcr-Abl, Flt-3, RAF and FAK kinase inhibitors. Additive or synergistic effects are desirable outcomes of combining a PI3K inhibitor of the present invention with an additional agent. Furthermore, resistance of multiple myeloma cells to agents such as dexamethasone may be reversible upon treatment with the PI3K inhibitor of the present invention. The agents can be combined with the present compound in a single or continuous dosage form, or the agents can be administered simultaneously or sequentially as separate dosage forms.

In some embodiments, a corticosteroid such as dexamethasone is administered to a patient in combination with the compounds of the invention where the dexamethasone is administered intermittently as opposed to continuously.

In some further embodiments, combinations of the compounds of the invention with other therapeutic agents can be administered to a patient prior to, during, and/or after a bone marrow transplant or stem cell transplant.

Pharmaceutical Formulations and Dosage Forms

When employed as pharmaceuticals, the compounds of the invention can be administered in the form of pharmaceutical compositions. These compositions can be prepared in a manner well known in the pharmaceutical art, and can be administered by a variety of routes, depending upon whether local or systemic treatment is desired and upon the area to be treated. Administration may be topical (including transdermal, epidermal, ophthalmic and to mucous membranes including intranasal, vaginal and rectal delivery), pulmonary (e.g., by inhalation or insufflation of powders or aerosols, including by nebulizer; intratracheal or intranasal), oral or parenteral. Parenteral administration includes intravenous, intraarterial, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal intramuscular or injection or infusion; or intracranial, e.g., intrathecal or intraventricular, administration. Parenteral administration can be in the form of a single bolus dose, or may be, for example, by a continuous perfusion pump. Pharmaceutical compositions and formulations for topical administration may include transdermal patches, ointments, lotions, creams, gels, drops, suppositories, sprays, liquids and powders. Conventional pharmaceutical carriers, aqueous, powder or oily bases, thickeners and the like may be necessary or desirable. This invention also includes pharmaceutical compositions which contain, as the active ingredient, the compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers (excipients). In some embodiments, the composition is suitable for topical administration. In making the compositions of the invention, the active ingredient is typically mixed with an excipient, diluted by an excipient or enclosed within such a carrier in the form of, for example, a capsule, sachet, paper, or other container. When the excipient serves as a diluent, it can be a solid, semi-solid, or liquid material, which acts as a vehicle, carrier or medium for the active ingredient. Thus, the compositions can be in the form of tablets, pills, powders, lozenges, sachets, cachets, elixirs, suspensions, emulsions, solutions, syrups, aerosols (as a solid or in a liquid medium), ointments containing, for example, up to 10% by weight of the active compound, soft and hard gelatin capsules, suppositories, sterile injectable solutions, and sterile packaged powders.

In preparing a formulation, the active compound can be milled to provide the appropriate particle size prior to combining with the other ingredients. If the active compound is substantially insoluble, it can be milled to a particle size of less than 200 mesh. If the active compound is substantially water soluble, the particle size can be adjusted by milling to provide a substantially uniform distribution in the formulation, e.g. about 40 mesh.

The compounds of the invention may be milled using known milling procedures such as wet milling to obtain a particle size appropriate for tablet formation and for other formulation types. Finely divided (nanoparticulate) preparations of the compounds of the invention can be prepared by processes known in the art, e.g., see International App. No. WO 2002/000196.

Some examples of suitable excipients include lactose, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol, starches, gum acacia, calcium phosphate, alginates, tragacanth, gelatin, calcium silicate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, cellulose, water, syrup, and methyl cellulose. The formulations can additionally include: lubricating agents such as talc, magnesium stearate, and mineral oil; wetting agents; emulsifying and suspending agents; preserving agents such as methyl- and propylhydroxy-benzoates; sweetening agents; and flavoring agents. The compositions of the invention can be formulated so as to provide quick, sustained or delayed release of the active ingredient after administration to the patient by employing procedures known in the art.

The compositions can be formulated in a unit dosage form, each dosage containing from about 5 to about 1000 mg (1 g), more usually about 100 to about 500 mg, of the active ingredient. The term “unit dosage forms” refers to physically discrete units suitable as unitary dosages for human subjects and other mammals, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active material calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect, in association with a suitable pharmaceutical excipient.

In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention contain from about 5 to about 50 mg of the active ingredient. One having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this embodies compositions containing about 5 to about 10, about 10 to about 15, about 15 to about 20, about 20 to about 25, about 25 to about 30, about 30 to about 35, about 35 to about 40, about 40 to about 45, or about 45 to about 50 mg of the active ingredient.

In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention contain from about 50 to about 500 mg of the active ingredient. One having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this embodies compositions containing about 50 to about 100, about 100 to about 150, about 150 to about 200, about 200 to about 250, about 250 to about 300, about 350 to about 400, or about 450 to about 500 mg of the active ingredient.

In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention contain from about 500 to about 1000 mg of the active ingredient. One having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this embodies compositions containing about 500 to about 550, about 550 to about 600, about 600 to about 650, about 650 to about 700, about 700 to about 750, about 750 to about 800, about 800 to about 850, about 850 to about 900, about 900 to about 950, or about 950 to about 1000 mg of the active ingredient.

Similar dosages may be used of the compounds described herein in the methods and uses of the invention.

The active compound can be effective over a wide dosage range and is generally administered in a pharmaceutically effective amount. It will be understood, however, that the amount of the compound actually administered will usually be determined by a physician, according to the relevant circumstances, including the condition to be treated, the chosen route of administration, the actual compound administered, the age, weight, and response of the individual patient, the severity of the patient's symptoms, and the like.

For preparing solid compositions such as tablets, the principal active ingredient is mixed with a pharmaceutical excipient to form a solid preformulation composition containing a homogeneous mixture of a compound of the present invention. When referring to these preformulation compositions as homogeneous, the active ingredient is typically dispersed evenly throughout the composition so that the composition can be readily subdivided into equally effective unit dosage forms such as tablets, pills and capsules. This solid preformulation is then subdivided into unit dosage forms of the type described above containing from, for example, about 0.1 to about 1000 mg of the active ingredient of the present invention.

The tablets or pills of the present invention can be coated or otherwise compounded to provide a dosage form affording the advantage of prolonged action. For example, the tablet or pill can comprise an inner dosage and an outer dosage component, the latter being in the form of an envelope over the former. The two components can be separated by an enteric layer which serves to resist disintegration in the stomach and permit the inner component to pass intact into the duodenum or to be delayed in release. A variety of materials can be used for such enteric layers or coatings, such materials including a number of polymeric acids and mixtures of polymeric acids with such materials as shellac, cetyl alcohol, and cellulose acetate.

The liquid forms in which the compounds and compositions of the present invention can be incorporated for administration orally or by injection include aqueous solutions, suitably flavored syrups, aqueous or oil suspensions, and flavored emulsions with edible oils such as cottonseed oil, sesame oil, coconut oil, or peanut oil, as well as elixirs and similar pharmaceutical vehicles.

Compositions for inhalation or insufflation include solutions and suspensions in pharmaceutically acceptable, aqueous or organic solvents, or mixtures thereof, and powders. The liquid or solid compositions may contain suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipients as described supra. In some embodiments, the compositions are administered by the oral or nasal respiratory route for local or systemic effect. Compositions can be nebulized by use of inert gases. Nebulized solutions may be breathed directly from the nebulizing device or the nebulizing device can be attached to a face mask, tent, or intermittent positive pressure breathing machine. Solution, suspension, or powder compositions can be administered orally or nasally from devices which deliver the formulation in an appropriate manner.

Topical formulations can contain one or more conventional carriers. In some embodiments, ointments can contain water and one or more hydrophobic carriers selected from, for example, liquid paraffin, polyoxyethylene alkyl ether, propylene glycol, white Vaseline, and the like. Carrier compositions of creams can be based on water in combination with glycerol and one or more other components, e.g. glycerinemonostearate, PEG-glycerinemonostearate and cetylstearyl alcohol. Gels can be formulated using isopropyl alcohol and water, suitably in combination with other components such as, for example, glycerol, hydroxyethyl cellulose, and the like. In some embodiments, topical formulations contain at least about 0.1, at least about 0.25, at least about 0.5, at least about 1, at least about 2, or at least about 5 wt % of the compound of the invention. The topical formulations can be suitably packaged in tubes of, for example, 100 g which are optionally associated with instructions for the treatment of the select indication, e.g., psoriasis or other skin condition.

The amount of compound or composition administered to a patient will vary depending upon what is being administered, the purpose of the administration, such as prophylaxis or therapy, the state of the patient, the manner of administration, and the like. In therapeutic applications, compositions can be administered to a patient already suffering from a disease in an amount sufficient to cure or at least partially arrest the symptoms of the disease and its complications. Effective doses will depend on the disease condition being treated as well as by the judgment of the attending clinician depending upon factors such as the severity of the disease, the age, weight and general condition of the patient, and the like.

The compositions administered to a patient can be in the form of pharmaceutical compositions described above. These compositions can be sterilized by conventional sterilization techniques, or may be sterile filtered. Aqueous solutions can be packaged for use as is, or lyophilized, the lyophilized preparation being combined with a sterile aqueous carrier prior to administration. The pH of the compound preparations typically will be between 3 and 11, more preferably from 5 to 9 and most preferably from 7 to 8. It will be understood that use of certain of the foregoing excipients, carriers, or stabilizers will result in the formation of pharmaceutical salts.

The therapeutic dosage of a compound of the present invention can vary according to, for example, the particular use for which the treatment is made, the manner of administration of the compound, the health and condition of the patient, and the judgment of the prescribing physician. The proportion or concentration of a compound of the invention in a pharmaceutical composition can vary depending upon a number of factors including dosage, chemical characteristics (e.g., hydrophobicity), and the route of administration. For example, the compounds of the invention can be provided in an aqueous physiological buffer solution containing about 0.1 to about 10% w/v of the compound for parenteral administration. Some typical dose ranges are from about 1 μg/kg to about 1 g/kg of body weight per day. In some embodiments, the dose range is from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg of body weight per day. The dosage is likely to depend on such variables as the type and extent of progression of the disease or disorder, the overall health status of the particular patient, the relative biological efficacy of the compound selected, formulation of the excipient, and its route of administration. Effective doses can be extrapolated from dose-response curves derived from in vitro or animal model test systems.

The compositions of the invention can further include one or more additional pharmaceutical agents such as a chemotherapeutic, steroid, anti-inflammatory compound, or immunosuppressant, examples of which are listed herein.

Labeled Compounds and Assay Methods

Another aspect of the present invention relates to labeled compounds of the invention (radio-labeled, fluorescent-labeled, etc.) that would be useful not only in imaging techniques but also in assays, both in vitro and in vivo, for localizing and quantitating PI3K in tissue samples, including human, and for identifying PI3K ligands by inhibition binding of a labeled compound. Accordingly, the present invention includes PI3K assays that contain such labeled compounds.

The present invention further includes isotopically-labeled compounds of the invention. An “isotopically” or “radio-labeled” compound is a compound of the invention where one or more atoms are replaced or substituted by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number typically found in nature (i.e., naturally occurring). Suitable radionuclides that may be incorporated in compounds of the present invention include but are not limited to ³H (also written as T for tritium), ¹¹C, ¹³C, ¹⁴C, ¹³N, ¹⁵N, ¹⁵O, ¹⁷O, ¹⁸O, ¹⁸F, ³⁵S, ³⁶Cl, ⁸²Br, ⁷⁵Br, ⁷⁶Br, ⁷⁷Br, ¹²³I ¹²⁴I, ¹²⁵I and ¹³¹I. The radionuclide that is incorporated in the instant radio-labeled compounds will depend on the specific application of that radio-labeled compound. For example, for in vitro PI3K labeling and competition assays, compounds that incorporate ³H, ¹⁴C, ⁸²Br, ¹²⁵I, ¹³¹I, ³⁵S or will generally be most useful. For radio-imaging applications ¹¹C, ¹⁸F, ¹²⁵I, ¹²³I, ¹²⁴I, ¹³¹I, ⁷⁵Br, ⁷⁶Br or ⁷⁷Br will generally be most useful.

It is understood that a “radio-labeled” or “labeled compound” is a compound that has incorporated at least one radionuclide. In some embodiments the radionuclide is selected from the group consisting of ³H, ¹⁴C, ¹²⁵I, ³⁵S and ⁸²Br. In some embodiments, one or more H atoms for any compound described herein is each replaced by a deuterium atom.

The present invention can further include synthetic methods for incorporating radio-isotopes into compounds of the invention. Synthetic methods for incorporating radio-isotopes into organic compounds are well known in the art, and an ordinary skill in the art will readily recognize the methods applicable for the compounds of invention.

A labeled compound of the invention can be used in a screening assay to identify/evaluate compounds. For example, a newly synthesized or identified compound (i.e., test compound) which is labeled can be evaluated for its ability to bind a PI3K by monitoring its concentration variation when contacting with the PI3K, through tracking of the labeling. For example, a test compound (labeled) can be evaluated for its ability to reduce binding of another compound which is known to bind to a PI3K (i.e., standard compound). Accordingly, the ability of a test compound to compete with the standard compound for binding to the PI3K directly correlates to its binding affinity. Conversely, in some other screening assays, the standard compound is labeled and test compounds are unlabeled. Accordingly, the concentration of the labeled standard compound is monitored in order to evaluate the competition between the standard compound and the test compound, and the relative binding affinity of the test compound is thus ascertained.

Kits

The present invention also includes pharmaceutical kits useful, for example, in the treatment or prevention of PI3K-associated diseases or disorders, such as cancer, which include one or more containers containing a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention. Such kits can further include, if desired, one or more of various conventional pharmaceutical kit components, such as, for example, containers with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, additional containers, etc., as will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. Instructions, either as inserts or as labels, indicating quantities of the components to be administered, guidelines for administration, and/or guidelines for mixing the components, can also be included in the kit.

The invention will be described in greater detail by way of specific examples. The following examples are offered for illustrative purposes, and are not intended to limit the invention in any manner. Those of skill in the art will readily recognize a variety of non-critical parameters which can be changed or modified to yield essentially the same results. The compounds of the Examples have been found to be PI3K inhibitors according to at least one assay described herein.

EXAMPLES

The example compounds below containing one or more chiral centers were obtained in racemate form or as isomeric mixtures, unless otherwise specified. Salt stoichiometry which is indicated any of the products below is meant only to indicate a probable stoichiometry, and should not be construed to exclude the possible formation of salts in other stoichiometries.

Example 1 4-Amino-6-[(1-{5-chloro-2-methoxy-4-methyl-3-[5-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl]phenyl}ethyl)amino]pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile trifluoroacetic acid salt

Step 1. 1-(3-Bromo-5-chloro-2-hydroxy-4-methylphenyl)ethanone

To a stirred solution of 1-(5-chloro-2-hydroxy-4-methylphenyl)ethanone (10.0 g, 54.2 mmol, from Aldrich) in acetic acid (100 mL) was added N-bromosuccinimide (11.6 g, 65.0 mmol) and the resulting mixture was stirred at rt for 18 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo, then neutralized with sat. sodium bicarbonate, and the insoluble succinimide was removed by filtration. The filtrate was extracted with ethyl acetate (EtOAc). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, and then concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure. The crude product was recrystallized from a mixture of EtOAc and hexane (11.4 g, 80%).

Step 2. 1-(3-Bromo-5-chloro-2-methoxy-4-methylphenyl)ethanone

A mixture of 1-(3-bromo-5-chloro-2-hydroxy-4-methylphenyl)ethanone (10.0 g, 37.9 mmol), dimethyl sulfate (4.31 mL, 45.5 mmol) and potassium carbonate (10.5 g, 75.9 mmol) in acetone (200 mL) was heated at reflux overnight. After evaporation to dryness, the mixture was diluted with water, and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, and evaporated to dryness. The residue was purified on silica gel, eluting with 0 to 20% EtOAc in hexane, to yield the desired product (8.8 g, 84%). LCMS calculated for C₁₀H₁₁BrClO₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=227.0. found: 277.0.

Step 3. 1-{5-chloro-2-methoxy-4-methyl-3-[5-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl]phenyl}ethanone

Into a microwave vial was added 1-(3-bromo-5-chloro-2-methoxy-4-methylphenyl)ethanone (0.040 g, 0.14 mmol), [5-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl]boronic acid (0.035 g, 0.17 mmol), 1.0 M sodium carbonate (0.35 mL, 0.35 mmol), 1,4-dioxane (0.87 mL) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (0.010 g, 0.0086 mmol). The mixture was bubbled with N₂ for 5 min, then heated at 100° C. overnight. The cooled reaction mixture was purified on silica gel to give the desired product (0.035 g, 71%). LCMS calculated for C₁₆H₁₇ClNO₄S (M+H)⁺: m/z=354.1. found: 354.0.

Step 4. 1-{5-chloro-2-methoxy-4-methyl-3-[5-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl]phenyl}ethanamine

A mixture of 1-{5-chloro-2-methoxy-4-methyl-3-[5-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl]phenyl}ethanone (0.035 g, 0.099 mmol), ammonium acetate (0.08 g, 1 mmol) and 1.0 M sodium cyanoborohydride in tetrahydrofuran (THF) (0.25 mL, 0.25 mmol) in methanol (0.2 mL) and acetonitrile (0.2 mL) was heated at 65° C. overnight. The mixture was cooled to room temperature (rt), quenched with sat. NaHCO₃ solution, and extracted with dichloromethane. The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to give the desired product, which was used in the next step directly (0.024 g, 69%). LCMS calculated for C₁₆H₁₇ClNO₃S (M−NH₂)⁺: m/z=338.1. found: 338.0.

Step 5. 4-amino-6-[(1-{5-chloro-2-methoxy-4-methyl-3-[5-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl]phenyl}ethyl)amino]pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile trifluoroacetic acid salt

A mixture of 1-{5-chloro-2-methoxy-4-methyl-3-[5-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl]phenyl}ethanamine (24 mg, 0.068 mmol), 4-amino-6-chloropyrimidine-5-carbonitrile (11 mg, 0.074 mmol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.035 mL, 0.20 mmol) in 1-butanol (0.68 mL) was heated at 120° C. overnight. The mixture was filtered and purified on prep-LCMS (XBridge C18 Column, eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile in water with 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid, at flow rate of 30 mL/min) to give the desired product as the TFA salt. LCMS calculated for C₂₁H₂₂ClN₆O₃S (M+H)⁺: m/z=473.1. found: 473.1. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 MHz) δ 9.11 (1H, s), 8.92 (0.5H, m), 8.81 (0.5H, m), 8.37 (0.5H, m), 8.25 (0.5H, m), 8.00 (2H, m), 7.71 (1H, s), 7.51 (2H, br s), 5.62 (1H, m), 3.38 (3H, s), 3.32 (3H, s), 2.04 (3H, s), 1.45 (3H, d, J=6.9 Hz) ppm.

Examples 2-5

The compounds of Examples 2-5, set out in Table 1 below, were prepared by methods analogous to those of Example 1.

TABLE 1

Ex. No. Name R₅ R₄ R₃ Salt 2 4-amino-6-({1-[5- chloro-3-(5-cyano- pyridin-3-yl)-2- methoxy-4- methylphenyl] ethyl}amino)- pyrimidine-5- carbonitrile Cl Me

— 3 4-amino-6-({1-[3- (2-aminopyrimidin- 5-yl)-5-chloro-2- methoxy-4-methyl- phenyl]ethyl}- amino)pyrimidine- 5-carbonitrile Cl Me

— 4 4-amino-6-({1-[5- chloro-2-methoxy- 6-methyl-4′-(methyl- sulfonyl)biphenyl-3- yl]ethyl}amino) pyrimidine-5- carbonitrile Cl Me

TFA 5 4-amino-6-[(1-{5- chloro-2-methoxy- 4-methyl-3-[5- (morpholin-4- ylcarbonyl)pyridin- 3-yl]phenyl}ethyl)- amino]pyrimidine- 5-carbonitrile Cl Me

TFA

¹H NMR data (Varian Inova 500 spectrometer, a Mercury 400 spectrometer, or a Varian 300 spectrometer, DMSO-d₆) and Mass spectral data (MS) for the compounds of Examples 2-5 are provided below in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Ex. MS No. [M + H]⁺ MHz ¹H NMR Spectra 2 420.1 300 δ 9.07 (1H, m), 8.87 (0.5H, m), 8.74 (0.5H, m), 8.46 (0.5H, m), 8.31 (0.5H, m), 7.92 (1H, s), 7.76 (0.5H, m), 7.74 (0.5H, m), 7.69 (1H, s), 7.26 (2H, br s), 5.89 (1H, m), 3.28 (3H, s, among H₂O peak), 2.01 (3H, s), 1.42 (3H, d, J = 6.9 Hz) ppm 3 411.1 300 8.16 (2H, br s), 7.93 (1H, s), 7.74 (0.5H, s), 7.71 (0.5H, s), 7.57 (1H, s), 7.26 (2H, br s), 6.81 (2H, br s), 5.59 (1H, m), 3.35 (3H, s, among H₂O peak), 2.08 (3H, s), 1.41 (3H, d, J = 6.9 Hz) ppm 4 472.1 300 δ 8.01 (1H, m), 7.98 (1H, m), 7.96 (1H, s), 7.89 (0.5H, m), 7.56 (0.5H, m), 7.64 (1H, s), 7.61 (0.5H, m), 7.54 (0.5H, m), 7.52 (0.5H, m), 7.39 (2H, br s), 5.61 (1H, m), 3.30 (3H, s), 3.28 (3H, s), 1.98 (3H, s), 1.43 (3H, d, J = 6.9 Hz) ppm 5 508.2 300 8.64 (1.5H, m), 8.52 (0.5H, m), 7.94 (1H, s), 7.89 (0.5H, m), 7.82 (0.5H, m), 7.79 (0.5H, m), 7.76 (0.5H, m), 7.66 (1H, s), 7.32 (2H, br s), 5.60 (1H, m), 3.66 (8H, m, among H₂O peak), 3.31 (3H, s), 2.04 (1.5H, s), 2.02 (1.5H, s), 1.43 (3H, d, J = 7.2 Hz) ppm

Example 6 4-Amino-6-({1-[5-chloro-3-(5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)-4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl]ethyl}-amino)pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile

Step 1: 1-(5-Chloro-4-fluoro-2-hydroxyphenyl)ethanone

To 4-chloro-3-fluorophenol (Oakwood #004459, 5.1 g, 35 mmol) was added acetyl chloride (3.6 mL, 51 mmol) and the resulting mixture was heated at 60° C. for 2 hours. Aluminum trichloride (7.0 g, 52 mmol) was added and the mixture was heated at 180° C. for 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was then cooled to room temperature and slowly quenched with 1M HCl while cooling in an ice-bath and stirred for 30 minutes. The precipitate was washed well with water and dried under vacuum to give the desired product (quantitative). This material was used without further purification. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 12.41 (s, 1H), 7.80 (m, 1H), 6.79 (m, 1H), 2.60 (s, 3H).

Step 2: 1-(3-Bromo-5-chloro-4-fluoro-2-hydroxyphenyl)ethanone

To a stirred solution of 1-(5-chloro-4-fluoro-2-hydroxyphenyl)ethanone (7.9 g, 42 mmol) in acetic acid (80 mL, 1.0 mol) was added N-bromosuccinimide (9.0 g, 50 mmol) and the resulting mixture was stirred at rt for 18 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo, neutralized with saturated sodium bicarbonate and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue was purified on silica gel, eluting with 0 to 20% ethyl acetate in hexane, to yield the desired product (93% yield). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 13.15 (s, 1H), 7.79 (m, 1H), 2.62 (s, 3H).

Step 3: 1-(3-Bromo-5-chloro-4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)ethanone

A mixture of 1-(3-bromo-5-chloro-4-fluoro-2-hydroxyphenyl)ethanone (5.3 g, 20 mmol), potassium carbonate (7.2 g, 52 mmol) and methyl iodide (2.7 mL, 44 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (20 mL) was heated at 60° C. for 1 hour. The mixture was filtered and washed with ethyl acetate. The filtrate was diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, and evaporated to dryness. The residue was purified on silica gel, eluting with 0 to 20% ethyl acetate in hexane, to yield the desired product (39% yield). LCMS calculated for C₉H₈BrClFO₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=280.9, 282.9. found: 280.8, 282.8.

Step 4: 1-(3-Bromo-5-chloro-4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)ethanamine

A mixture of 1-(3-bromo-5-chloro-4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)ethanone (0.44 g, 1.6 mmol) and ammonium acetate (1.8 g, 23 mmol) in acetonitrile (3.0 mL) and methanol (3.0 mL) was heated at 65° C. for an hour. Sodium cyanoborohydride (0.244 g, 3.88 mmol) was added and the mixture was heated at 65° C. overnight. Purification by preparative LCMS (pH=10) gave the desired compound (23% yield). LCMS calculated for C₉H₈BrClFO (M−NH₂)⁺: m/z=264.9, 266.9. found: 264.9, 266.9. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.81 (br s, 2H), 7.80 (s, 1H), 4.80 (m, 1H), 3.97 (s, 3H), 1.69 (m, 3H).

Step 5: 4-Amino-6-{[1-(3-bromo-5-chloro-4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]amino}pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile

A mixture of 1-(3-bromo-5-chloro-4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)ethanamine (40 mg, 0.14 mmol), 4-amino-6-chloropyrimidine-5-carbonitrile (J & W PharmLab, #70-0156 33 mg, 0.21 mmol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (74 μL, 0.43 mmol) in ethanol (1.6 mL, 27 mmol) was heated at 100° C. overnight. Purification by preparative LC/MS (pH10) gave the desired compound (54% yield). LCMS calculated for C₁₄H₁₃BrClFN₅O (M+H)⁺: m/z=400.0, 402.0. found: 400.0, 402.0. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 7.95 (s, 1H), 7.77 (m, 1H), 7.28 (br s, 2H), 5.56 (m, 1H), 3.92 (s, 1H), 1.40 (m, 3H).

Step 6. 4-Amino-6-({1-[5-chloro-3-(5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)-4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl]ethyl}amino)pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile

Into a microwave vial was added 4-amino-6-{[1-(3-bromo-5-chloro-4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]amino}pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile (8.0 mg, 0.020 mmol), 5-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)nicotinonitrile (5.51 mg, 0.0240 mmol), a solution of sodium carbonate (48 μL, 0.050 mmol) in water (48 μL), 1,4-dioxane (0.2 mL, 2 mmol) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (1.4 mg, 0.0012 mmol). The mixture was bubbled with N₂ for 5 minutes and heated at 90° C. for 2 h. Purification by preparative LCMS (pH 10) gave the desired compound (37% yield). LCMS calculated for C₂₀H₁₆ClFN₇O (M+H)⁺: m/z=424.1. found: 424.1.

¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 9.12 (s, 1H), 8.97 (s, 1H), 8.50 (s, 1H), 7.95 (s, 1H), 7.88 (m, 1H), 7.70 (m, 1H), 7.22 (br s, 2H), 5.63 (m, 1H), 3.41 (s, 3H), 1.42 (m, 3H).

Examples 7-10

The compounds of Examples 7-10, set out in Table 3 below, were prepared by methods analogous to those of Example 6.

TABLE 3

Ex. No. Name R⁵ R⁴ R³ Salt 7 4-amino-6-({1-[5- chloro-4-fluoro-3-(5- fluoropyridin-3-yl)- 2-methoxyphenyl] ethyl}-amino) pyrimidine-5- carbonitrile Cl F

— 8 4-amino-6-[(1-{5- chloro-4-fluoro-2- methoxy-3-[5-(methyl- sulfonyl)pyridin-3- yl]phenyl}ethyl) amino]-pyrimidine-5- carbonitrile bis(trifluoroacetate) Cl F

2TFA 9 4-amino-6-({1-[5-chloro- 6-fluoro-2-methoxy-4′- (methylsulfonyl)biphenyl- 3-yl]ethyl}amino) pyrimidine-5- carbonitrile Cl F

— 10 4-amino-6-({1-[3-(2- aminopyrimidin-5-yl)-5- chloro-4-fluoro-2- methoxyphenyl]-ethyl} amino)pyrimidine-5- carbonitrile Cl F

—

¹H NMR data (Varian Inova 500 spectrometer, a Mercury 400 spectrometer, or a Varian 300 spectrometer, DMSO-d₆) and Mass spectral data (MS) for the compounds of Examples 7-10 are provided below in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Ex. MS No. [M + H]⁺ MHz ¹H NMR Spectra 7 417.1 — — 8 477.0 — — 9 476.0 500 δ 8.05 (m, 2 H), 7.93 (s, 1 H), 7.81 (m, 1 H), 7.75 (m, 2 H), 7.68 (m, 1 H), 7.22 (br s, 2 H), 5.63 (m, 1 H), 3.39 (s, 3 H), 3.29 (s, 3 H), 1.43 (m, 3 H). 10 415.1 500 δ 8.32 (s, 2 H), 7.93 (s, 1 H), 7.67 (m, 2 H), 7.22 (br s, 2 H), 6.90 (s, 2 H), 5.63 (m, 1 H), 3.48 (s, 3 H), 1.41 (m, 3 H).

Example 11 4-Amino-6-[(1-{4,5-dichloro-2-methoxy-3-[5-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl]phenyl}ethyl)amino]pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile

Step A: 1-(4,5-Dichloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)ethanone

The desired compound was prepared according to the procedure of Example 6, Step 1, using 3,4-dichlorophenol as the starting material in 96% yield. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 12.17 (s, 1H), 7.79 (s, 1H), 7.12 (s, 1H), 2.62 (s, 3H).

Step B: 1-(4,5-Dichloro-2-hydroxy-3-iodophenyl)ethanone

The desired compound was prepared according to the procedure of Example 6, Step 2, using 1-(4,5-dichloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)ethanone and N-iodosuccinimide (instead of N-bromosuccinimide) as the starting materials in 71% yield. LCMS for C₈H₆Cl₂IO₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=330.9, 332.9. Found: 330.8, 332.9.

Step C. 1-(4,5-Dichloro-3-iodo-2-methoxyphenyl)ethanone

A solution of 1-(4,5-dichloro-2-hydroxy-3-iodophenyl)ethanone (4.9 g, 15 mmol), triphenylphosphine (5.5 g, 21 mmol), and methanol (0.91 mL, 22 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (44 mL) at 0° C. was treated with diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (4.1 mL, 21 mmol) dropwise and stirred at 20° C. for 16 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated, diluted with ethyl acetate, and poured into water. The organic layer was separated, washed with brine, dried with magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated to a crude residue. Purification by flash column chromatography using ethyl acetate in hexanes (5%-30%) gave the desired product (4.1 g, 79%). LCMS for C₉H₈Cl₂IO₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=344.9, 346.9. Found: 344.9, 346.7.

Step D: 1-(4,5-Dichloro-3-iodo-2-methoxyphenyl)ethanol

A solution of 1-(4,5-dichloro-3-iodo-2-methoxyphenyl)ethanone (4.1 g, 12 mmol) in methanol (59 mL) at 0° C. was treated with sodium tetrahydroborate (0.45 g, 12 mmol) and stirred at 0° C. for 1 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with water (50 mL) 0° C., and diluted with saturated sodium bicarbonate (50 mL) and ethyl acetate (100 mL). The aqueous layer was separated and extracted with additional ethyl acetate (50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (50 mL), dried with magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated to give the desired product (quantitative). This material was used without further purification. LCMS for C₉H₈Cl₂IO (M−OH)⁺: m/z=328.9, 330.9. Found: 328.9, 330.9.

Step E: 1-(1-Azidoethyl)-4,5-dichloro-3-iodo-2-methoxybenzene

A solution of 1-(4,5-dichloro-3-iodo-2-methoxyphenyl)ethanol (4.09 g, 12 mmol) in methylene chloride (47 mL) at 0° C. was treated with N,N-diisopropylethylamine (3.3 mL, 19 mmol) followed by methanesulfonyl chloride (1.4 mL, 18 mmol) and stirred at 0° C. for 30 min. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (100 mL) and extracted with methylene chloride (2×150 mL). The combined organic extracts were dried with magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated to give the intermediate mesylate. This material was used immediately without further purification. A solution of the crude mesylate in N,N-dimethylformamide (29 mL) was treated with sodium azide (2.3 g, 35 mmol) and stirred at 60° C. for 1 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (150 mL) and washed with a mixture of saturated sodium bicarbonate (50 mL) and water (50 mL), brine (100 mL), dried with magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated to a crude residue. Purification by flash column chromatography using ethyl acetate in hexanes (0%-30%) gave the desired product (3.3 g, 75%). LCMS for C₉H₈Cl₂IO (M−N₃)⁺: m/z=328.9, 330.9. Found: 328.9, 330.9.

Step F: 1-(4,5-Dichloro-3-iodo-2-methoxyphenyl)ethanamine

A solution of 1-(1-azidoethyl)-4,5-dichloro-3-iodo-2-methoxybenzene (3.3 g, 8.9 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (20 mL) and water (6.4 mL) was treated with 1.0 M trimethylphosphine in tetrahydrofuran (11 mL, 11 mmol) and stirred at 20° C. for 1.5 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated, diluted with ethyl acetate and extracted with 1 M HCl (2×). The combined aqueous layers were neutralized with solid sodium bicarbonate, and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine, dried with magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated to give the desired product (2.2 g, 72%). This material was used without further purification. LCMS for C₉H₈Cl₂IO (M−NH₂)⁺: m/z=328.9, 330.9. Found: 328.8, 330.8.

Step G: 4-Amino-6-{[1-(4,5-dichloro-3-iodo-2-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]amino}pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile

The desired compound was prepared according to the procedure of Example 6, Step 5, using 1-(4,5-dichloro-3-iodo-2-methoxyphenyl)ethanamine as the starting material in 55% yield. LCMS for C₁₄H₁₃Cl₂IN₅O (M+H)⁺: m/z=464.0, 465.9. Found: 463.9, 465.9.

Step H: 4-Amino-6-[(1-{4,5-dichloro-2-methoxy-3-[5-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl]phenyl}ethyl)amino]pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile

The desired compound was prepared according to the procedure of Example 6, Step 6, using 4-amino-6-{[1-(4,5-dichloro-3-iodo-2-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]amino}-pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile as the starting material in 6% yield. LCMS for C₂₀H₁₉Cl₂N₆O₃S (M+H)⁺: m/z=493.1, 495.1. Found: 493.0, 495.0.

Examples 12-14

The compounds of Examples 12-14, set out in Table 5 below, were prepared by methods analogous to those described in Example 11.

TABLE 5

Ex. No. Name R Salt 12 4-Amino-6-({1-[4,5-dichloro-3-(5- fluoropyridin-3-yl)-2- methoxyphenyl]ethyl}amino) pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile

— 13 4-Amino-6-({1-[5,6-dichloro-2- methoxy-4′-(methylsulfonyl) biphenyl-3-yl]ethyl}amino) pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile

— 14 4- Amino-6-({1-[3-(2-aminopyrimidin- 5-yl)-4,5-dichloro-2-methoxy- phenyl]ethyl}amino)pyrimidine- 5-carbonitrile

—

¹H NMR data (Varian Inova 500 spectrometer, a Mercury 400 spectrometer, or a Varian 300 spectrometer, DMSO-d₆) and Mass spectral data (MS) for the compounds of Examples 12-14 are provided below in Table 6.

TABLE 6 Ex. MS No. [M + H]⁺ MHz ¹H NMR Spectra 12 433.1, 300 δ 8.66 (d, J = 2.5 Hz, 1 H), 8.52-8.48 (m, 0.5 H), 8.40-8.36 (m, 435.0 0.5 H), 8.02-7.75 (m, 4 H), 7.29 (br s, 2 H), 5.65-5.56 (m, 1 H), 3.40 (s, 3 H), 1.44 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 3 H) 13 491.9, 300 δ 8.02 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 2 H), 7.93 (s, 1 H), 7.85 (s, 1 H), 7.77 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 494.0 1 H), 7.70 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.59 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 1 H), 7.29 (br s, 2 H), 5.65-5.55 (m, 1 H), 3.36 (s, 3 H), 3.30 (s, 3 H), 1.44 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 3 H) 14 431.0, 300 δ 8.22 (s, 2 H), 7.93 (s, 1 H), 7.77-7.73 (m, 2 H), 7.28 (br s, 2 H), 433.0 6.90 (s, 2 H), 5.64-5.54 (m, 1 H), 3.44 (s, 3 H), 1.42 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 3 H)

Example A1 PI3K Enzyme Assay

PI3-Kinase luminescent assay kit including lipid kinase substrate, D-myo-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2)D(+)-sn-1,2-di-O-octanoylglyceryl, 3-O-phospho linked (PIP2), biotinylated I(1,3,4,5)P4, PI(3,4,5)P3 Detector Protein, was purchased from Echelon Biosciences (Salt Lake City, Utah). AlphaScreen™ GST Detection Kit including donor and acceptor beads was purchased from PerkinElmer Life Sciences (Waltham, Mass.). PI3Kδ (p110δ/p85α) was purchased from Millipore (Bedford, Mass.). ATP, MgCl₂, DTT, EDTA, HEPES and CHAPS were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Mo.).

AlphaScreen™ Assay for PI3Kδ

The kinase reaction was conducted in 384-well REMP plate from Thermo Fisher Scientific in a final volume of 40 μL. Inhibitors were first diluted serially in DMSO and added to the plate wells before the addition of other reaction components. The final concentration of DMSO in the assay was 2%. The PI3K assays were carried out at room temperature in 50 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, 5 mM MgCl₂, 50 mM NaCl, 5 mM DTT and CHAPS 0.04%. Reactions were initiated by the addition of ATP, the final reaction mixture consisted of 20 μM PIP2, 20 μM ATP, 1.2 nM PI3Kδ were incubated for 20 min. 10 μL of reaction mixture was then transferred to 5 μL 50 nM biotinylated I(1,3,4,5)P4 in quench buffer: 50 mM HEPES pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 10 mM EDTA, 5 mM DTT, 0.1% Tween-20, followed with the addition of 10 μL AlphaScreen™ donor and acceptor beads suspended in quench buffer containing 25 nM PI(3,4,5)P3 detector protein. The final concentration of both donor and acceptor beads is 20 mg/ml. After plate sealing, the plate was incubated in a dark location at room temperature for 2 hours. The activity of the product was determined on Fusion-alpha microplate reader (Perkin-Elmer). IC₅₀ determination was performed by fitting the curve of percent control activity versus the log of the inhibitor concentration using the GraphPad Prism 3.0 software.

Example A2 PI3K Enzyme Assay

Materials

Lipid kinase substrate, phosphoinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), was purchased from Echelon Biosciences (Salt Lake City, Utah). PI3K isoforms α, β, δ and γ were purchased from Millipore (Bedford, Mass.). ATP, MgCl₂, DTT, EDTA, MOPS and CHAPS were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Mo.).

The kinase reaction was conducted in clear-bottom 96-well plate from Thermo Fisher Scientific in a final volume of 24 μL. Inhibitors were first diluted serially in DMSO and added to the plate wells before the addition of other reaction components. The final concentration of DMSO in the assay was 0.5%. The PI3K assays were carried out at room temperature in 20 mM MOPS, pH 6.7, 10 mM MgCl₂, 5 mM DTT and CHAPS 0.03%. The reaction mixture was prepared containing 50 μM PIP2, kinase and varying concentration of inhibitors. Reactions were initiated by the addition of ATP containing 2.2 μCi [γ-³³P]ATP to a final concentration of 1000 M. The final concentration of PI3K isoforms α, β, δ and γ in the assay were 1.3, 9.4, 2.9 and 10.8 nM respectively. Reactions were incubated for 180 min and terminated by the addition of 100 μL of 1 M potassium phosphate pH 8.0, 30 mM EDTA quench buffer. A 100 μL aliquot of the reaction solution was then transferred to 96-well Millipore MultiScreen IP 0.45 m PVDF filter plate (The filter plate was prewetted with 200 μL 100% ethanol, distilled water, and 1 M potassium phosphate pH 8.0, respectively). The filter plate was aspirated on a Millipore Manifold under vacuum and washed with 18×200 L wash buffer containing 1 M potassium phosphate pH 8.0 and 1 mM ATP. After drying by aspiration and blotting, the plate was air dried in an incubator at 37° C. overnight. Packard TopCount adapter (Millipore) was then attached to the plate followed with addition of 120 μL Microscint 20 scintillation cocktail (Perkin Elmer) in each well. After the plate sealing, the radioactivity of the product was determined by scintillation counting on Topcount (Perkin-Elmer). IC₅₀ determination was performed by fitting the curve of percent control activity versus the log of the inhibitor concentration using the GraphPad Prism 3.0 software.

Example A3 PI3Kδ Scintillation Proximity Assay

Materials

[γ-³³P]ATP (10 mCi/mL) was purchased from Perkin-Elmer (Waltham, Mass.). Lipid kinase substrate, D-myo-Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2)D(+)-sn-1,2-di-O-octanoylglyceryl, 3-O-phospho linked (PIP2), CAS 204858-53-7, was purchased from Echelon Biosciences (Salt Lake City, Utah). PI3Kδ (p110δ/p85α) was purchased from Millipore (Bedford, Mass.). ATP, MgCl₂, DTT, EDTA, MOPS and CHAPS were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Mo.). Wheat Germ Agglutinin (WGA) YSi SPA Scintillation Beads was purchased from GE healthcare life sciences (Piscataway, N.J.).

The kinase reaction was conducted in polystyrene 384-well matrix white plate from Thermo Fisher Scientific in a final volume of 25 μL. Inhibitors were first diluted serially in DMSO and added to the plate wells before the addition of other reaction components. The final concentration of DMSO in the assay was 0.5%. The PI3K assays were carried out at room temperature in 20 mM MOPS, pH 6.7, 10 mM MgCl₂, 5 mM DTT and CHAPS 0.03%. Reactions were initiated by the addition of ATP, the final reaction mixture consisted of 20 μM PIP2, 20 μM ATP, 0.2 μCi [γ-³³P]ATP, 4 nM PI3Kδ. Reactions were incubated for 210 min and terminated by the addition of 40 μL SPA beads suspended in quench buffer: 150 mM potassium phosphate pH 8.0, 20% glycerol. 25 mM EDTA, 400 μM ATP. The final concentration of SPA beads was 1.0 mg/mL. After the plate sealing, plates were shaken overnight at room temperature and centrifuged at 1800 rpm for 10 minutes, the radioactivity of the product was determined by scintillation counting on Topcount (Perkin-Elmer). IC₅₀ determination was performed by fitting the curve of percent control activity versus the log of the inhibitor concentration using the GraphPad Prism 3.0 software. Data for certain Examples is provided below in Table 7.

TABLE 7 Example # PI3Kδ SPA IC₅₀ (nM) 1 <20 2 <20 3 <20 4 <20 5 <20 6 <20 7 <20 8 <20 9 <20 10 <20 11 <20 12 <20 13 <20 14 <20

Example B1 B Cell Proliferation Assay

To acquire B cells, human PBMC are isolated from the peripheral blood of normal, drug free donors by standard density gradient centrifugation on Ficoll-Hypague (GE Healthcare, Piscataway, N.J.) and incubated with anti-CD19 microbeads (Miltenyi Biotech, Auburn, Calif.). The B cells are then purified by positive immunosorting using an autoMacs (Miltenyi Biotech) according to the manufacture's instruction.

The purified B cells (2×10⁵/well/200 μL) are cultured in 96-well ultra-low binding plates (Corning, Corning, N.Y.) in RPMI1640, 10% FBS and goat F(ab′)2 anti-human IgM (10 μg/ml) (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) in the presence of different amount of test compounds for three days. [³H]-thymidine (1 μi/well) (PerkinElmer, Boston, Mass.) in PBS is then added to the B cell cultures for an additional 12 hours before the incorporated radioactivity is separated by filtration with water through GF/B filters (Packard Bioscience, Meriden, Conn.) and measured by liquid scintillation counting with a TopCount (Packard Bioscience).

Example B2 Pfeiffer Cell Proliferation Assay

Pfeiffer cell line (diffuse large B cell lymphoma) was purchased from ATCC (Manassas, Va.) and maintained in the culture medium recommended (RPMI and 10% FBS). To measure the anti-proliferation activity of the compounds, the Pfeiffer cells were plated with the culture medium (2×10³ cells/well/per 2001) into 96-well ultra-low binding plates (Corning, Corning, N.Y.), in the presence or absence of a concentration range of test compounds. After 3-4 days, [³H]-thymidine (1 μCi/well) (PerkinElmer, Boston, Mass.) in PBS was then added to the cell culture for an additional 12 hours before the incorporated radioactivity was separated by filtration with water through GF/B filters (Packard Bioscience, Meridenj, Conn.) and measured by liquid scintillation counting with a TopCount (Packard Bioscience). Pfeiffer cell proliferation data for certain compounds described herein is provided below in Table 8.

TABLE 8 Example # Pfeiffer IC₅₀ (nM) 1 <20 2 <20 3 <20 4 <20 5 <20 6 <20 7 <20 8 <20 9 Not determined 10 <20 11 <20 12 <20 13 Not determined 14 <20

Example C Akt Phosphorylation Assay

Ramos cells (B lymphocyte from Burkitts lymphoma) are obtained from ATCC (Manassas, Va.) and maintained in RPMI1640 and 10% FBS. The cells (3×10⁷ cells/tube/3 mL in RPMI) are incubated with different amounts of test compounds for 2 hrs at 37° C. and then stimulated with goat F(ab′)2 anti-human IgM (5 μg/mL) (Invitrogen) for 17 minutes in a 37° C. water bath. The stimulated cells are spun down at 4° C. with centrifugation and whole cell extracts are prepared using 300 μL lysis buffer (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, Mass.). The resulting lysates are sonicated and supernatants are collected. The phosphorylation level of Akt in the supernatants are analyzed by using PathScan phospho-Akt1 (Ser473) sandwich ELISA kits (Cell Signaling Technology) according to the manufacturer's instruction.

Various modifications of the invention, in addition to those described herein, will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description. Such modifications are also intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. Each reference, including all patent, patent applications, and publications, cited in the present application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A compound of Formula I:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: R¹ is C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, or C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, and C₂₋₆ alkynyl are each optionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, or 4 groups independently selected from the group consisting of halo, OH, CN, NR^(1a)R^(1b), C₁₋₆ alkoxy, and C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy; R² is H, halo, CN, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, -L¹-(C₁₋₆ alkyl), or -L¹-(C₁₋₆ haloalkyl), wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl in said C₁₋₆ alkyl and -L¹-(C₁₋₆ alkyl) is optionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(2a) groups; R³ is Cy, —(CR^(2b)R^(2c))_(a)-L²-(CR^(2b)R^(2c))_(b)-Cy, halo, CN, NO₂, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR^(a), SR^(a), C(O)R^(b), C(O)NR^(c)R^(d), C(O)OR^(a), OC(O)R^(b), OC(O)NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(O)R^(b), NR^(c)C(O)OR^(b), NR^(c)C(O)NR^(c)R^(d), C(═NR^(e))R^(b), C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)C(═NR^(e))NR^(c)R^(d), NR^(c)S(O)R^(b), NR^(c)S(O)₂R^(b), NR^(c)S(O)₂NR^(c)R^(d), S(O)R^(b), S(O)NR^(c)R^(d), S(O)₂R^(b), or S(O)₂NR^(c)R^(d), wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, and C₂₋₆ alkynyl are each optionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(3a) groups; R⁴ is H, halo, OH, CN, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, or C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy; R⁵ is halo, OH, CN, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, or C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy; R⁶ is H, halo, OH, CN, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, or C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy; R⁷ is F, CN, C₁₋₃ haloalkyl, CONH₂, C₁₋₄ alkyl-NHC(═O)— or (C₁₋₄ alkyl)₂NC(═O)—; R⁸ is H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, or C(O)R^(4a); L¹ is O, NR^(B), S, S(O), S(O)₂, C(O), C(O)NR^(B), S(O)NR^(B), or S(O)₂NR^(B); L² is (CR^(C)R^(D))_(n), O, NR^(B), S, S(O), S(O)₂, C(O), C(O)O, C(O)NR^(B), S(O)NR^(B), S(O)₂NR^(B), OC(O)NR^(B), NR^(B)C(O)NR^(B), C(═NR^(e)), C(═NR^(e))NR^(B), or NR^(B)C(═NR^(e))NR^(B); R^(A), R^(B), R^(C), and R^(D) are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; Cy is selected from the group consisting of C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, 4-11 membered heterocycloalkyl, 6-10 membered aryl and 5-10 membered heteroaryl, each of which is substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(3a) groups; each R^(1a) and R^(1b) is independently selected from the group consisting of H and C₁₋₆ alkyl; or any R^(1a) and R^(1b) together with the N atom to which they are attached form a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered heterocycloalkyl group, which is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl; each R^(2a) is independently selected from the group consisting of OH, NO₂, CN, halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, amino, C₁₋₆ alkylamino, di(C₁₋₆ alkyl)amino, thio, C₁₋₆ alkylthio, C₁₋₆ alkylsulfinyl, C₁₋₆ alkylsulfonyl, carbamyl, C₁₋₆ alkylcarbamyl, di(C₁₋₆ alkyl)carbamyl, carboxy, C₁₋₆ alkylcarbonyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₁₋₆ alkylcarbonylamino, C₁₋₆ alkylsulfonylamino, aminosulfonyl, C₁₋₆ alkylaminosulfonyl, di(C₁₋₆ alkyl)aminosulfonyl, aminosulfonylamino, C₁₋₆ alkylaminosulfonylamino, di(C₁₋₆ alkyl)aminosulfonylamino, aminocarbonylamino, C₁₋₆ alkylaminocarbonylamino, and di(C₁₋₆ alkyl)aminocarbonylamino; each R^(2b) and R^(2c) is independently selected from the group consisting of H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, and C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; each R^(3a) is independently selected from the group consisting of halo, CN, NO₂, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, 4-11 membered heterocycloalkyl, 6-10 membered aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, (4-11 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, (6-10 membered aryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, OR^(a1), SR^(a1), C(O)R^(b1), C(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(O)OR^(a1), OC(O)R^(b1), OC(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(O)R^(b1), NR^(c1)C(O)OR^(b1), NR^(c1)C(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═NR^(e))R^(b1), C(═NR^(e))NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(═NR^(e))NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR S(O)R^(b1), NR^(c1)S(O)₂R^(b1), NR^(c1)S(O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(O)R^(b1), S(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(O)₂R^(b1), and S(O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1); wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, 4-11 membered heterocycloalkyl, 6-10 membered aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, (4-11 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, (6-10 membered aryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl are each optionally substituted by 1, 2, 3, or 4 groups independently selected from the group consisting of OR^(a1), SR^(a1), C(O)R^(b1), C(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(O)OR^(a1), OC(O)R^(b1), OC(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(O)R^(b1), NR^(c1)C(O)OR^(b1), NR^(c1)C(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), C(═NR^(e))R^(b1), C(═NR^(e))NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)C(═NR^(e))NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)S(O)R^(b1), NR^(c1)S(O)₂R^(b1), NR^(c1)S(O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(O)R^(b1), S(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), S(O)₂R^(b1), and S(O)₂NR^(c1)R^(d1); R^(4a) is C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, 4-11 membered heterocycloalkyl, 6-10 membered aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, (4-11 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, (6-10 membered aryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl; each R^(a), R^(b), R^(c), and R^(d) is independently selected from the group consisting of H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, and C₂₋₆ alkynyl; wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, and C₂₋₆ alkynyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of OH, NO₂, CN, halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, cyano-C₁₋₆ alkyl, HO—C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy-C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, amino, C₁₋₆ alkylamino, di(C₁₋₆ alkyl)amino, thio, C₁₋₆ alkylthio, C₁₋₆ alkylsulfinyl, C₁₋₆ alkylsulfonyl, carbamyl, C₁₋₆ alkylcarbamyl, di(C₁₋₆ alkyl)carbamyl, carboxy, C₁₋₆ alkylcarbonyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₁₋₆ alkylcarbonylamino, C₁₋₆ alkylsulfonylamino, aminosulfonyl, C₁₋₆ alkylaminosulfonyl, di(C₁₋₆ alkyl)aminosulfonyl, amino sulfonylamino, C₁₋₆ alkylaminosulfonylamino, di(C₁₋₆ alkyl)aminosulfonylamino, aminocarbonylamino, C₁₋₆ alkylaminocarbonylamino, and di(C₁₋₆ alkyl)aminocarbonylamino; or R^(c) and R^(d) together with the N atom to which they are attached form a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered heterocycloalkyl group, which is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of OH, NO₂, CN, halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, cyano-C₁₋₆ alkyl, HO—C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy-C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, amino, C₁₋₆ alkylamino, di(C₁₋₆ alkyl)amino, thio, C₁₋₆ alkylthio, C₁₋₆ alkylsulfinyl, C₁₋₆ alkylsulfonyl, carbamyl, C₁₋₆ alkylcarbamyl, di(C₁₋₆ alkyl)carbamyl, carboxy, C₁₋₆ alkylcarbonyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₁₋₆ alkylcarbonylamino, C₁₋₆ alkylsulfonylamino, aminosulfonyl, C₁₋₆ alkylaminosulfonyl, di(C₁₋₆ alkyl)aminosulfonyl, amino sulfonylamino, C₁₋₆ alkylaminosulfonylamino, di(C₁₋₆ alkyl)aminosulfonylamino, amino carbonylamino, C₁₋₆ alkylaminocarbonylamino, and di(C₁₋₆ alkyl)aminocarbonylamino; each R^(e) is independently selected from the group consisting of H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, CN, OH, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, C₁₋₄ alkylsulfonyl, carbamyl, C₁₋₄ alkylcarbamyl, di(C₁₋₄ alkyl)carbamyl, and C₁₋₄ alkylcarbonyl; each R^(a1), R^(b1), R^(c1), and R^(d1) is independently selected from the group consisting of H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, 4-11 membered heterocycloalkyl, 6-10 membered aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, (4-11 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, (6-10 membered aryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, wherein said C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, 4-11 membered heterocycloalkyl, 6-10 membered aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, (4-11 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, (6-10 membered aryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl, and (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of OH, NO₂, CN, halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, cyano-C₁₋₆ alkyl, HO—C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy-C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, amino, C₁₋₆ alkylamino, di(C₁₋₆ alkyl)amino, thio, C₁₋₆ alkylthio, C₁₋₆ alkylsulfinyl, C₁₋₆ alkylsulfonyl, carbamyl, C₁₋₆ alkylcarbamyl, di(C₁₋₆ alkyl)carbamyl, carboxy, C₁₋₆ alkylcarbonyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₁₋₆ alkylcarbonylamino, C₁₋₆ alkylsulfonylamino, aminosulfonyl, C₁₋₆ alkylaminosulfonyl, di(C₁₋₆ alkyl)aminosulfonyl, amino sulfonylamino, C₁₋₆ alkylaminosulfonylamino, di(C₁₋₆ alkyl)aminosulfonylamino, amino carbonylamino, C₁₋₆ alkylaminocarbonylamino, and di(C₁₋₆ alkyl)aminocarbonylamino; or R^(c1) and R^(d1) together with the N atom to which they are attached form a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered heterocycloalkyl group, which is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of OH, NO₂, CN, halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, cyano-C₁₋₆ alkyl, HO—C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy-C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, amino, C₁₋₆ alkylamino, di(C₁₋₆ alkyl)amino, thio, C₁₋₆ alkylthio, C₁₋₆ alkylsulfinyl, C₁₋₆ alkylsulfonyl, carbamyl, C₁₋₆ alkylcarbamyl, di(C₁₋₆ alkyl)carbamyl, carboxy, C₁₋₆ alkylcarbonyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl, C₁₋₆ alkylcarbonylamino, C₁₋₆ alkylsulfonylamino, aminosulfonyl, C₁₋₆ alkylaminosulfonyl, di(C₁₋₆ alkyl)aminosulfonyl, amino sulfonylamino, C₁₋₆ alkylaminosulfonylamino, di(C₁₋₆ alkyl)aminosulfonylamino, amino carbonylamino, C₁₋₆ alkylaminocarbonylamino, and di(C₁₋₆ alkyl)aminocarbonylamino; a is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; b is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; and n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or
 6. 2. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R² is C₁₋₆ alkoxy.
 3. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R² is methoxy.
 4. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R³ is Cy or —(CR^(2b)R^(2c))_(a)-L²-(CR^(2b)R^(2c))_(b)-Cy.
 5. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R³ is Cy.
 6. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Cy is phenyl substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(3a) groups.
 7. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Cy is 5-6 membered heteroaryl substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(3a) groups.
 8. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Cy is pyridyl or pyrimidinyl substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R^(3a) groups.
 9. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each R^(3a) is independently selected from the group consisting of halo, CN, C(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), NR^(c1)R^(d1), and S(O)₂R^(b1).
 10. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each R^(3a) is independently selected from the group consisting of halo, CN, C(O)NR^(c1)R^(d1), and S(O)₂R^(b1).
 11. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R⁴ is halo, CN, C₁₋₄ alkyl, or C₁₋₄ haloalkyl.
 12. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R⁴ is halo.
 13. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R⁵ is Cl, F, or methyl.
 14. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R⁵ is Cl.
 15. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R⁶ is H.
 16. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R⁷ is CN.
 17. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R⁸ is H.
 18. The compound of claim 1, having Formula II:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 19. The compound of claim 1, having Formula III:


20. A compound of claim 1 selected from the group consisting of: 4-amino-6-[(1-{5-chloro-2-methoxy-4-methyl-3-[5-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl]phenyl}ethyl)amino]pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile (1); 4-amino-6-({1-[5-chloro-3-(5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)-2-methoxy-4-methylphenyl]ethyl}amino)-pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile (2); 4-amino-6-({1-[3-(2-aminopyrimidin-5-yl)-5-chloro-2-methoxy-4-methylphenyl]ethyl}-amino)pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile (3); 4-amino-6-({1-[5-chloro-2-methoxy-6-methyl-4′-(methylsulfonyl)biphenyl-3-yl]ethyl}amino)pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile (4); 4-amino-6-[(1-{5-chloro-2-methoxy-4-methyl-3-[5-(morpholin-4-ylcarbonyl)pyridin-3-yl]phenyl}ethyl)-amino]pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile (5); 4-amino-6-({1-[5-chloro-3-(5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)-4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl]ethyl}-amino)pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile (6); 4-amino-6-({1-[5-chloro-4-fluoro-3-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-2-methoxyphenyl]ethyl}-amino)pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile (7); 4-amino-6-[(1-{5-chloro-4-fluoro-2-methoxy-3-[5-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl]phenyl}ethyl)amino]-pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile (8); 4-amino-6-({1-[5-chloro-6-fluoro-2-methoxy-4′-(methylsulfonyl)biphenyl-3-yl]ethyl}amino) pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile (9); 4-amino-6-({1-[3-(2-aminopyrimidin-5-yl)-5-chloro-4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl]-ethyl}amino)pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile (10); 4-amino-6-[(1-{4,5-dichloro-2-methoxy-3-[5-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl]phenyl}ethyl)amino]pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile (11); 4-amino-6-({1-[4,5-dichloro-3-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-2-methoxyphenyl]ethyl}amino)pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile (12); 4-amino-6-({1-[5,6-dichloro-2-methoxy-4′-(methylsulfonyl)biphenyl-3-yl]ethyl}amino)pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile (13); and 4-amino-6-({1-[3-(2-aminopyrimidin-5-yl)-4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl]ethyl}amino)pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile (14); or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 21. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 22. A method of inhibiting an activity of a PI3K kinase, comprising contacting the kinase with a compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the PI3K is selected from the group consisting of PI3Kα, PI3Kβ, PI3Kγ, and PI3Kδ.
 24. A method of treating a disease selected from the group consisting of osteoarthritis, restenosis, atherosclerosis, arthritis, diabetic retinopathy, psoriasis, inflammation, angiogenesis, pancreatitis, inflammatory bowel disease, myasthenia gravis, multiple sclerosis, and Sjögren's syndrome in a human patient, wherein said disease is associated with abnormal expression or activity of a PI3K kinase, comprising administering to said human patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 25. A method of treating an immune-based disease selected from the group consisting of rheumatoid arthritis, allergy, asthma, glomerulonephritis, lupus, and inflammation in a human patient, comprising administering to said human patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 26. A method of treating a cancer selected from is the group consisting of breast, prostate, colon, endometrial, brain, bladder, skin, uterus, ovary, lung, pancreatic, renal, gastric, and a hematological cancer in a human patient, comprising administering to said human patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 27. The method of claim 26 wherein said hematological cancer is acute myeloblastic leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, or B cell lymphoma.
 28. A method of treating a lung disease selected from the group consisting of acute lung injury (ALI) and adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in a human patient, comprising administering to said human patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 29. The method of claim 26, wherein said hematological cancer is B cell lymphoma.
 30. The method of claim 26, wherein said hematological cancer is diffuse large B cell lymphoma.
 31. The method of claim 22, wherein said PI3K kinase is PI3Kδ. 